Food Preservation, Nutrition, Medicine, etc Notes with PDF

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Food Preservation & Processing

Preservation Methods

• Chemical Preservatives:
  • Sodium Benzoate: Used for preserving foodstuffs and fruit juice.
  • Benzoic Acid: Used in food preservation.
  • Sodium Chloride (Common Salt): Used in food preservation.
  • Acetic Acid (in vinegar): Used as a preservative (e.g., pickling).
• Physical & Atmospheric Methods:
  • Refrigeration: Preserves food by reducing the rate of biochemical reactions, including the respiration rate in fruits and vegetables, thereby extending their life.
  • Nitrogen Gas Packing: Potato chips are packed in nitrogen gas to prevent oxidation and rancidity.
  • Wax Coating: A wax emulsion is applied to fruits and vegetables to create a shiny appearance and extend storage life.

Food Additives & Components

• Flavour & Appearance Enhancers:
  • Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): Used as a flavour enhancer.
  • Triclosan: A chemical (potentially harmful with long-term, high-level exposure) most likely present in toiletries like soaps and toothpaste.
  • Animal Charcoal: Used in the decolorization of raw sugar.
• Food Processing:
  • Homogenization: Milk is homogenized by breaking down its fat particles to a microscopic size using a centrifuge.
• Organic Food: Defined as food grown without the use of artificial fertilizers and pesticides.

Sugars and Sweeteners

Types and Sources of Sugars

• Common Sugars:
  • Sucrose: Table sugar; sourced from beet.
  • Glucose: Grape sugar.
  • Fructose: Fruit sugar; the main component of honey and the sweetest common sugar.
  • Lactose: Milk sugar.
  • Honey: Primarily contains a mixture of glucose and fructose.
• Other Sources:
  • Cotton is a source of cellulose.
  • Guava is the most suitable fruit for jelly making.

Properties and Sweeteners

• Invert Sugar: Sweeter than sucrose; produced by the hydrolysis (breakdown) of sucrose.
• Natural Sweetener: Stevia.
• Artificial Sweetener: Aspartame.
  • Made from amino acids.
  • Several times sweeter than table sugar, providing high sweetness with very few calories.

Medicines and Drugs

Classifications and Examples

• Analgesics/Antipyretics (Pain and Fever Relievers): Aspirin, Paracetamol.
• Antibiotics: Penicillin, Chloromycetin (also used as an antityphoid drug).
  • Note: Aspirin is not an antibiotic.
• Other Medicinal Classifications:
  • Antimalarial: Quinine.
  • Antirachitic (prevents rickets): Calciferol (Vitamin D).
  • Antiseptic: Crystal Violet.
    • Note: Aspirin is not an antiseptic.
  • Sedative: Potassium Bromide.
  • Anesthetic: Aspirin is not an anesthetic.

Chemicals, Compounds, and Processes

Refrigerants

• A common refrigerant used in domestic refrigerators is Freon.

Toxins and Blood

• Carbon Monoxide (CO) forms an irreversible and dangerous complex with hemoglobin in the blood.

Natural Extracts

• Eugenol is the main extract from clove oil.

Summary Table: Key Chemicals and Their Uses

Know More About Food Preservation, Nutrition, Medicine, etc:

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