Viral Diseases – Old Year Questions

• A virus that affects bacteria is called a bacteriophage.
• It attacks and multiplies inside bacteria and archaea.
• Just like other viruses, it has a coating of proteins and contains either DNA or RNA.

• A virus is a tiny germ that makes copies of itself inside the cells of other living things.
• Viruses don’t have the energy-making parts that other organisms have, so they exist as individual particles called virions.
• Viruses can spread from one organism to another through the air, water, food, bugs, and touch.

• Lichens, bacteria, and algae all contain enzymes in their cells.
• Viruses usually depend on the enzymes already inside the host cell or make new enzymes with their own genetic material.
• Some viruses don’t have any enzymes in their particles, while others do, with enzymes like reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, integrase, and neuraminidase located in their particles and on their surfaces.
• Therefore, option (e) is the correct answer.

• ACE2 is a protein that can be found on many types of cells across the body.
• It helps to make small proteins that regulate certain processes such as blood pressure, wound healing, and inflammation.
• ACE2 also acts as an entry point for some coronaviruses, like the one that causes COVID-19.
• The virus binds to ACE2 like a key in a lock, allowing it to enter and infect cells.
• Therefore, ACE2 acts as a doorway for this virus to enter the body.

• Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that affect mammals and birds. In humans, these viruses can cause anything from a mild cold to more serious illnesses like SARS, MERS and COVID-19, which is currently causing a pandemic.
• In cows and pigs, these viruses cause diarrhea, while in mice, these viruses can cause hepatitis and encephalomyelitis.

• Dengue fever is spread when an infected Aedes mosquito (usually A. aegypti) bites someone.
• It is sometimes called breakbone fever.

• Dengue fever is spread by the bite of a specific type of mosquito (A. aegypti) carrying a virus.
• It is also called breakbone fever.

• Dengue fever causes a drop in platelets, which are important for stopping bleeding.
• If the platelet levels get too low, the person with dengue fever may have internal bleeding.

• Dengue fever is a virus transmitted by mosquitoes that causes a lot of pain and discomfort.
• Symptoms include a sudden high fever, bad headaches, pain around the eyes, joint and muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, rashes, and bleeding from the nose and gums.
• These symptoms usually come three to four days after the fever starts.

• Yellow fever is an infectious virus that usually causes people to have a fever, shivering, no appetite, feeling sick, sore muscles, especially in the back, and headaches.
• It is caused by a virus that is spread by the female Aedes aegypti mosquito.

• The tiger mosquito, also known as the ‘forest mosquito’, is originally from tropical and subtropical areas of Southeast Asia.
• It is an important part of spreading illnesses such as yellow fever, dengue, and chikungunya.
• The Culex type of mosquito carries Japanese encephalitis.

• People who are scared of water have a condition called hydrophobia.
• This includes being afraid of things like rivers, lakes, and the ocean.
• Hydrophobia is the old name for Rabies, which is a virus that affects the nerves.

• Meningitis is an illness that occurs when the membranes around the brain and spinal cord become inflamed.
• It can be caused by different types of germs, like viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms.

• Rotavirus is a type of virus that can give young children severe diarrhea.
• It is made up of two strands of RNA and is part of the Reoviridae family.
• Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in young children.

Common viral diseases include :

• Polio is a very contagious virus that can cause paralysis, difficulty breathing, and even death.
• It gets its name from two Greek words meaning ‘grey’ and ‘spinal cord’.
• It is spread through contaminated food or water.
• In areas where polio is common, almost everyone can get it.

• Polio is a very contagious virus that can cause paralysis, breathing difficulties, or death.
• Its name comes from the Greek words “poliys” (grey) and “myelys” (spinal cord).
• People can get it by eating or drinking contaminated food or water, and in some places, almost everyone can get it.

• In 1952, Jones Salk found a vaccine for polio, which is a severe illness that affects children and can lead to disability.
• It is caused by a virus that affects the central nervous system.

• In 1952, Dr. Jonas Salk developed a vaccine to prevent polio, a serious illness that affects children and can lead to physical disabilities.
• Polio is caused by a virus that affects the central nervous system.

• In 1952, Jones Salk created the polio vaccine.
• Polio is a very serious illness that affects children and can lead to disability.
• It is caused by a virus that affects the brain and spinal cord.

• Since India has not seen any cases of polio for five years, the Indian government decided to switch from the trivalent oral polio vaccine (OPV) to the bivalent version.
• The trivalent vaccine protects against the three types of wild poliovirus (1, 2 and 3), while the bivalent version only protects against types 1 and 3.

• Rhinoviruses are very common viruses that infect people and usually cause the common cold.
• They can also make someone have a sore throat, ear infection, or sinus infection, and sometimes pneumonia or bronchiolitis.

• Hepatitis B is passed from person to person through blood or fluids contaminated with blood.
• It can also be passed from an infected mother to her baby during birth.
• It is not spread through water like typhoid, jaundice, and cholera.

• HBV is a type of virus that has double-stranded DNA. It is part of the Hepadnaviridae family and belongs to the Othohepadnavirus genus.
• This virus can cause serious damage to the liver such as scarring, failure, cancer, and even death.

• HBV is a harmful virus that belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family.
• It can cause serious damage to the liver, including scarring, failure, cancer, and even death.

• Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver, usually caused by viruses A, B, C, D, or E. Hepatitis B is spread through contaminated blood, from mother to baby at birth, and through sexual contact, like HIV.
• According to the World Health Organization, around 240 million people have Hepatitis B and about 71 million people have Hepatitis C.
• For HIV, there are 70-75 million people infected, with 35 million having died. Some people with Hepatitis B and C may not show any symptoms for a long time.
• Option A, C, and D are correct, but Option B is not because there is a vaccine for Hepatitis B, recommended for all infants and children up to 18 years old. However, there is no vaccine for Hepatitis C.

• Hepatitis is a type of liver inflammation usually caused by viruses A, B, C, D, or E. Hepatitis B is commonly spread through contact with infected blood, from a mother to her baby at birth, and through sexual contact, similar to HIV.
• According to the World Health Organization, approximately 240 million people have Hepatitis B and 71 million people have Hepatitis C, while 70-75 million people are infected with HIV, with 35 million having died.
• Some people with Hepatitis B and C may not show any symptoms for a long time.
• It is important to note that there is a vaccine available for Hepatitis B, which is recommended for all children and infants up to 18 years old, but there is no vaccine for Hepatitis C.

• Hepatitis is an illness that affects the liver and is usually caused by viruses A, C, D, or E. It is spread through contaminated blood, from mother to baby at birth, and through sexual contact, like HIV.
• The World Health Organization estimates that around 240 million people have Hepatitis B and 71 million people have Hepatitis C.
• For HIV, there are approximately 70-75 million people infected, with 35 million of them having died. In some cases, people with Hepatitis B and C don’t experience any symptoms for a long time.
• Option A, C, and D are correct, but Option B is not because there is a vaccine for Hepatitis B, which is recommended for all infants and children up to 18 years old. Unfortunately, there is no vaccine for Hepatitis C

• Plague is a sickness caused by rats. Rabies, also known as hydrophobia, is caused by a virus that is spread through the saliva of a sick animal, usually from a bite of a mad dog.
• Tapeworm is caused from eating uncooked pork. Polio is a contagious virus that spreads from person to person when infected fecal matter is ingested.

• In 1977, India was officially declared free of smallpox. Before 2000, Guinea worm disease (Dracunculiasis) was a major issue in India, but it was then eradicated.
• On March 27th, 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) acknowledged India’s ‘Polio Free’ status.
• In 2015, it was announced that India was free from maternal and neonatal tetanus. Unfortunately, Diphtheria and chickenpox are still present in India.

• Smallpox was a contagious illness caused by either of two types of virus.
• The final case of natural smallpox was identified in October, 1977 and the World Health Organization declared it completely gone in 1980.

• Smallpox was an extremely contagious illness caused by the variola virus.
• It spread between people through tiny droplets that came from someone who had the disease.
• Symptoms included a fever and red spots on the skin.
• People with smallpox needed to be in bed away from others.
• In 1980, the World Health Organization declared that smallpox had been completely wiped out.

• AIDS is caused by the HIV virus, which attacks T-helper cells.
• These cells help the body’s immune system protect against infections, so when they are damaged by HIV, the body’s defenses become weak.
• This makes it difficult to fight off any kind of infection, and often leads to death within a few years of getting AIDS.

– Blood (including menstrual blood)
– Semen
– Vaginal secretions
– Breast milk

Activities that allow HIV transmission :

– Unprotected sexual contact
– Direct blood contact, including injection drug needles, blood transfusions, accidents in healthcare settings or certain blood products
– Mother to baby (before or during birth, or through breast milk).

– Blood (including menstrual blood)
– Semen
– Vaginal secretions
– Breast milk

Activities that allow HIV transmission :

– Unprotected sexual contact
– Direct blood contact, including injection drug needles, blood transfusions, accidents in healthcare settings or certain blood products
– Mother to baby (before or during birth, or through breast milk).

• T-lymphocytes are a kind of white blood cell that helps protect the body from infection.
• When someone has AIDS, these T-4 lymphocytes (helper cells) are destroyed, which weakens the body’s immune system.

– Rapid weight loss
– Recurring fever or profuse night sweats
– Extreme and unexplained tiredness
– Prolonged swelling of the lymph glands in the armpits,
groin, or neck
– Diarrhoea that lasts for more than a week
– Sores of the mouth, anus, or genitals
– Pneumonia
– Red, brown, pink, or purplish blotches on or under the skin or inside the mouth, nose, or eyelids
– Memory loss, depression, and other neurologic disorders.

• AIDS is caused by the HIV virus, which attacks T-helper cells.
• These cells help the body’s immune system protect against infections, so when they are damaged by HIV, the body’s defenses become weak.
• This makes it difficult to fight off any kind of infection, and often leads to death within a few years of getting AIDS.

– Rapid weight loss
– Recurring fever or profuse night sweats
– Extreme and unexplained tiredness
– Prolonged swelling of the lymph glands in the armpits,
groin, or neck
– Diarrhoea that lasts for more than a week
– Sores of the mouth, anus, or genitals
– Pneumonia
– Red, brown, pink, or purplish blotches on or under the skin or inside the mouth, nose, or eyelids
– Memory loss, depression, and other neurologic disorders.

• AIDS is caused by the HIV virus, which attacks T-helper cells.
• These cells help the body’s immune system protect against infections, so when they are damaged by HIV, the body’s defenses become weak.
• This makes it difficult to fight off any kind of infection, and often leads to death within a few years of getting AIDS.

• AIDS is caused by the HIV virus, which attacks T-helper cells.
• These cells help the body’s immune system protect against infections, so when they are damaged by HIV, the body’s defenses become weak.
• This makes it difficult to fight off any kind of infection and often leads to death within a few years of getting AIDS.

• AIDS is caused by the HIV virus, which attacks T-helper cells.
• These cells help the body’s immune system protect against infections, so when they are damaged by HIV, the body’s defenses become weak.
• This makes it difficult to fight off any kind of infection, and often leads to death within a few years of getting AIDS.

• HIV is a type of virus called a retrovirus.
• These viruses have RNA (ribonucleic acid) as their genetic material.
• The HIV virus has a core with two identical RNA genomes and some enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase.

• Adenoviruses are medium-sized viruses without a coating that have a double-stranded DNA inside.
• In humans, there are over 50 types of these viruses and they can cause different illnesses, from mild colds in kids to very serious illnesses in people with weak immune systems.
• Retroviruses have RNA instead of DNA and use an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to become part of the host cell’s DNA.
• This makes many copies of the virus.
• HIV, which causes AIDS, is a type of retrovirus, so statement two is correct and statement one is not.

• Retroviruses have RNA instead of DNA and use an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to become part of the host cell’s DNA.
• This makes many copies of the virus.
• HIV, which causes AIDS, is a type of retrovirus, so statement two is correct and statement one is not.

• Getting a tattoo involves piercing the skin, which can lead to health issues like infections and allergic reactions.
• These infections can be caused by using unclean tattoo tools or contaminated ink, and can include skin infections, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, tuberculosis and HIV.
• Chikungunya is a virus that is spread through the bite of an infected mosquito.

• The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the cause of one of the most destructive human pandemics in recorded history. Since it was first recognized in 1981, it has killed more than 25 million people. The three main routes of HIV transmission are

1. 1. Contaminated blood (for example between injecting drug users)
   2. Sex: vaginal, anal (and very rarely, oral)
   3. From mother to child (either in pregnancy during birth or via breast milk). Molecular epidemiological analysis has identified the predominance of HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1C) in India.

• Robert Charles Gallo was the head of the Institute of Human Virology at the University of Maryland School of Medicine in Baltimore.
• He uncovered Human T-cell Leukaemia Virus III, which is the cause of the deadly illness AIDS.

• Zedovudine (also known as Azidothymidine) is a type of medication used to treat HIV/AIDS.

• ELISA is an acronym for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test that detects and measures antibodies in our blood. The ELISA was the first screening test widely used for HIV/ AIDS because of its high sensitivity.

• Japanese encephalitis is an illness caused by the Japanese Encephalitis Virus, which is similar to the viruses that cause dengue, yellow fever, and West Nile.
• This virus is spread by mosquitoes, and around 68,000 people are affected every year.
• Most of the time, people don’t have any symptoms.
• But sometimes, patients can get a headache, fever, confusion, vomiting, and seizures about 5 to 15 days after being infected.

• Japanese encephalitis is a brain infection caused by the Japanese Encephalitis Virus, which is similar to dengue, yellow fever and West Nile viruses.
• It is spread by mosquitoes and is the main cause of viral encephalitis in many Asian countries, with around 68,000 cases every year.
• Most of the time, there are no symptoms, but in some cases, people may experience headache, vomiting, fever, confusion and seizures. This usually happens 5-15 days after the infection.

• Domestic pigs and wild birds are the main sources of the virus that causes Japanese encephalitis, which can be very dangerous for people.
• Mosquitoes of the Culex family are a big part of the spread of this virus, so it is important to keep pigs away from people’s homes to help stop it.

• Measles is a sickness that is easy to spread and has to do with breathing.
• It is caused by a virus and can’t be fixed with antibiotics.
• However, leprosy, tetanus and cholera are all caused by bacteria and can be cured with antibiotics.

• Measles is a sickness that spreads very easily and affects your breathing.
• It is caused by a virus and cannot be treated with antibiotics.
• However, illnesses like leprosy, tetanus, and cholera are caused by bacteria and can be treated with antibiotics.

• The diseases mentioned are all contagious.

• Edward Jenner was a famous English doctor and scientist who is known as “The father of immunology”.
• He was the first to create a vaccine for smallpox, and his experiments led to the discovery of the immune system.

• Ranikhet disease is connected to chickens and is very contagious.
• It is caused by a virus.

• Blackleg and foot and mouth disease are both illnesses that affect cows, sheep, and goats.
• Anthrax is an illness that is often fatal and mainly affects animals.
• Cowpox is an infection caused by a virus that only affects cows.

• Foot and mouth disease is a virus that harms animals with split hooves, such as cows, sheep, goats, and pigs. This sickness usually affects cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs.

• Foot and mouth disease is a virus that harms animals with split hooves, such as cows, sheep, goats, and pigs. This sickness usually affects cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs.

• Rinderpest, which is also called cattle plague, is a very contagious virus that mostly affects cows and buffaloes.
• It is from a virus group called Paramyxoviridae, and it’s from the Morbillivirus family.
• 2011 was an especially bad year for the disease.

• Bird flu is another name for avian influenza, which is caused by the H5N1 virus. It’s an infectious disease, commonly found in chickens, roosters, and ducks. H5N1 can spread to humans in two ways.

1. Having direct contact with people
2. People passing an illness on to other people.

• Tamiflu is a drug that stops the influenza A and B viruses from causing an infection.

• Bird flu is another term for a sickness that affects birds called avian influenza. This sickness is caused by the H5N1 virus. Chickens, roosters, and ducks tend to be most affected. This virus can spread from birds to humans in two ways.

1. Interacting with people face to face.
2. Spreading an illness to other people.

• Tamiflu is a medication that prevents the influenza A and B viruses from making you sick.

1. Talking to people in person.
2. Giving an illness to other people.

Tamiflu is a medicine that stops the flu viruses A and B from making you ill.

• H1N1 is a type of flu virus. When it was first discovered in 2009, it was called ‘swine flu’ because it was similar to the viruses found in pigs.
• Flu viruses can change quickly and pigs make good hosts for this. H1N1 has adapted to spread between humans who can then transmit it to each other by coughing and sneezing.

• Zika virus is mainly spread to people by mosquito bites from two types of mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, that are usually found in tropical areas.
• These mosquitoes are also responsible for spreading dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever.
• It is also possible for Zika virus to be passed through sexual contact.

• Option (a) is not the correct combination.
• Ebola, formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a rare and dangerous illness caused by one of the many types of Ebola virus.
• It can make humans and animals like monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees sick.

• Ebola is a dangerous virus that can be passed from animal to person and from person to person.
• It was first found in 1976 in a village near the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of Congo, so the virus and sickness were named after it.
• Ebola is a very serious sickness that can be deadly if not treated.

• Ebola is a very dangerous virus that can be passed on from animals and people.
• It was first found in a town close to the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1976. Scientists gave the virus and the sickness the same name as the river.
• Ebola causes severe sickness which is often fatal without treatment.