Taxonomy: Classification of Organism – Old Year Questions

• Insects make up the largest group of species in the world.
• There are over 1.5 million living animals that have been identified, and of those, nearly 1 million are insects.
• This group of insects is known as ‘Insecta’, and is part of the phylum Arthropoda.

• Bacteria are very small living creatures. Most are only 2-4 microns in size, but some can be up to 60 microns.
• With the help of a compound microscope, which can make things look up to 2000 times bigger, some of these tiny organisms can be seen.

• Bacteria have different types of diets. Some eat things that are already dead, while others create their own food. Eating things that are already dead is called being a “saprobe”.
• Some bacteria that eat things that are already dead are parasites, meaning they can hurt their hosts. Autotrophs make their own food, either through photosynthesis (using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water) or chemosynthesis (using carbon dioxide, methane, and chemicals like ammonia and hydrogen sulphide).
• Phototrophic bacteria don’t have chloroplasts, but they do have special pigments that help them get their energy from the sun.

• Bacteria are very small organisms made up of one cell. They are simpler than other organisms because they don’t have a nucleus or special organs inside their cells.
• Bacteria can be found everywhere, some of them are bad for us and can cause sickness, but some are very important for us to live.
• Bacteria in our digestive system give us important vitamins like biotin and vitamin K, which we need to stay healthy.

• Mycoplasma is the tiniest living thing that is able to develop and multiply on its own.

• Most single-celled organisms only reproduce asexually, but some, like Paramecium, can do both asexual and sexual reproduction.

• Bacteria and fungi can be grown in special made environments. These can be seen with the human eye when they form colonies.
• Viruses require a host cell to reproduce, so they can’t be grown in synthetic environments because they lack the energy to do so.
• Viruses must be grown in living organisms, either in plants or animals, or outside the organism in cells in a special environment.
• Host cells can be grown, and the virus can be collected from the growth medium.

• Mammals and birds (warm-blooded creatures) can keep their body temperatures the same by creating their own heat when it’s cool and cooling down when it’s hot.
• This process of keeping the body temperature the same is called homeostasis.

• Echinoderm is the name for any type of sea creature that belongs to the Phylum Echinodermata.
• These animals are usually easily recognizable because they have a five-point radial symmetry.
• Some examples are starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars and sea cucumbers.
• Most echinoderm animals lay eggs, without any major development within the mother, while some give birth to live young.

• Hydra doesn’t have any blood, but it breathes.
• In hydra, oxygen and other gasses move in and out of its body through diffusion.
• It also gets rid

• Starfish, which are also known as sea stars, are related to a group of animals called Echinodermata, while real fish belong to a group called Chordata. Starfish don’t have gills, scales, or fins, which are common features of fish.

• Silverfish are small (0.5-1 inch) nocturnal bugs that get a fish-like look due to their grey-blue and shiny bodies.
• Crayfish, also called crawfish, crawdads or mudbugs, are related to small lobsters and live in fresh water.
• Jellyfish, or Aurelia, are free-swimming sea animals with a jelly-like bell-shaped body. Catfish have “whiskers” and come in various sizes and types.

• Starfish are animals that look like stars and belong to the Asteroidea class.
• Jellyfish and Hagfish are also not fish, but Seahorses are small fish in the Hippocampus genus.

• Starfish are animals that look like stars and belong to a group called Asteroidea.
• Jellyfish and Hagfish are not actually fish.
• Seahorse is the name of 45 types of small fish that come from the Hippocampus family and have bones

• Shark Fish has no bones in its body. Instead, they have a skeleton made of cartilage and other soft tissues.
• This is also true for skates and rays.

• Whales are the biggest animals that have ever lived on Earth. The blue whale is the biggest one – it is 33 m long and weighs more than 180 tons.
• The smallest whale is the pygmy sperm whale – it is only 3.5 m (11 ft) long.

• Whales are the biggest animals that have ever been on the Earth. The biggest whale is the blue whale which can be over 33 meters long and weigh more than 180 tons.
• The smallest whales are the pygmy species, which are only around 11 feet long.

• Whales are the biggest mammals that have ever lived on Earth. The biggest type of whale is the blue whale, which can be up to 33 meters long and weigh more than 180 tons.
• The smallest types are called pygmy whales and can be as small as 3.5 meters (11 feet).

• The sperm whale is the biggest of the whales that have teeth. Male sperm whales can get as big as 20 meters long and weigh between 35 to 45 tons.
• Females are much smaller than males and only weigh around a third of the weight of the males.

• Echidnas, also known as spiny anteaters, are a special kind of mammal that lays eggs.
• They belong to the family Tachyglossidae and are the only existing members of that order.
• They eat ants and termites and live in Australia and New Guinea.
• They aren’t closely related to the anteaters found in America.

• Bats are mammals that can fly because of their webbed wings.
• They are the only mammals that can do this naturally.
• They are not birds, but a different type of animal.

• Bats are mammals that have wings made from their front legs, which make them the only mammals able to fly.
• They don’t belong to the same group as birds.

• A sea cow is a giant plant-eating animal that lives in the sea.
• A seahorse is a tiny type of fish. A sea lion is also an animal.
• Therefore, option (b) is correct.

• Dolphins are very smart creatures that live in water and have teeth.
• They exist all around the world, usually in shallow oceans, and eat mostly fish and squids.
• India has chosen the Ganga Dolphin as its national aquatic animal.

• Seals are animals that live in water and on land.
• They belong to a group called pinnipeds, which means animals with fins for feet.
• Seals eat mainly fish, crabs, and shellfish. They are carnivores

• The word ‘amphibian’ comes from the old Greek word ‘amphibious’, which means ‘both land and water’.
• This word was originally used to describe animals that can live either on land or in water.
• They are cold-blooded creatures, meaning they can’t control their own body heat.

• Frogs are amphibious creatures, meaning they can live in water and on land.
• They are cold-blooded animals, meaning their body temperature adjusts to the environment.
• The frog’s skin is made of thin tissue that allows for the easy exchange of gases.
• When the frog is out of water, glands in the skin secrete mucus to keep the frog moist and help it absorb oxygen from the air.
• This means a frog can breathe both through its skin and its lungs.

• Frogs are animals that can’t regulate their own body temperature, just like snakes, lizards, fish, and crocodiles.

• Metamorphosis is when an animal grows and changes in a noticeable way after they are born or hatch.
• It is a process that happens with cells growing and changing the animal’s body shape.
• For frogs, a hormone called the thyroid hormone controls how the intestine changes when they are going through metamorphosis.
• This process helps the frog to digest flesh food, as the intestine gets shorter.

• The Gharial, also called Gavialis, is a type of crocodile that lives mainly in the Ganga River.
• It is found in large numbers in Bangladesh, Nepal, and India.

• Otters are a terrible type of animal. They are known for killing and being sexually attracted to dead animals.
• They belong to the Mustelidae family and are sometimes referred to as the “serial-killing fur monsters of the sea”.

• Hedgehogs are spiky animals belonging to a group called Erinaceinae.
• They can roll up into a ball which makes all the spines on their back point outwards.
• Marmots are large herbivorous ground squirrels that don’t roll up when threatened, instead hiding in their burrows. Pangolins, also called scaly anteaters, are mammals with large, hard overlapping scales that make them look like pine cones.
• When they feel threatened, they curl up into a ball with their scales acting as armor and their face tucked under their tail.
• The scales are also sharp, providing extra protection from predators.

• Dingoes are found in many places in Australia and some parts of Asia.
• Its scientific name is Canis lupus dingo. Instead of barking, dingoes howl like wolves.

• The bear we usually see performing on the streets is a Sloth Bear.

• Chimpanzees, Parrots and Dolphins can be taught to talk to a certain extent, but it is not possible to train a dog to use language.

• Humans are the most intelligent animals on the planet.
• They are the only species that has the desire to learn and the capacity to communicate.

• Apes are the closest living creatures to humans. T
• hey don’t have tails. They are part of the Hominoidea group, which includes gibbons, gorillas, orangutans, chimpanzees, and humans.
• Langurs are a type of Asian monkey, and they have long tails.
• They are not Apes, and they belong to the Colobinae subfamily.

• The gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans are known as great apes because they are much bigger and have more humanlike features than other primates.
• The gibbons are referred to as lesser apes; they are the smallest, tidiest, and most gentle of all ape-like creatures

• The panda belongs to the Ursidae family, which is the bear family

• Amphibians and most reptiles have a heart with two upper chambers (atria) and one lower chamber (ventricle).
• Frogs have this same three-chambered heart, while fish have two chambers, and monkeys and crocodiles have four chambers.

• Amphibians and most reptiles have a heart with two upper chambers (atria) and one lower chamber (ventricle).
• Frogs have this same three-chambered heart, while fish have two chambers, and monkeys and crocodiles have four chambers.

• Most animals including deer, horses, zebras, camels, giraffes, elephants, rhinoceroses, whales, some birds, rats and some fish do not have a gallbladder, except for the musk deer.

• Except for the Jackal, all the listed animals have hooves. Jackal is part of the Canidae family.
• The scientific name for a common Jackal is Canis aureus. Jackals have nails on the bottoms of their feet.

• The Nilgai is the biggest type of antelope in Asia.
• Antelopes have horns that stay on all the time.
• There are over 90 types of antelope.

The correctly matched order is :

The correctly matched lists are as follows:-

• Kiwi are birds from New Zealand that cannot fly.
• They belong to a particular group and family.

• Corals are sea creatures that have no backbone and belong to the Cnidaria family. They usually live together in big groups of identical creatures.
• Corals build important reefs in warm oceans by producing a hard substance made of calcium carbonate.

• An octopus is a type of sea creature with eight arms, two eyes, and a symmetrical body.
• It is also known as a devilfish and belongs to the group of mollusks called cephalopods.

• RAnimals without a backbone are called invertebrates.
• The biggest invertebrate is the colossal squid which can grow up to 12-14 metres in length.

• White Leg-Horn is a type of bird.

• Ticks and mites belong to the Arachnids, a very varied group.
• They have four legs, though some young ones only have three legs, and they get the fourth one after they shed their skin for the first time.
• There aren’t any separate body parts on the outside of the body, so it looks like one large mass.

• Termites are insects that are like ants and live together in big groups.
• They have a scientific name of Isoptera. They are also called white ants.

• Glow-worm is a big bug without a backbone that shines light.
• The light comes from little tubes near the glow-worm’s bottom, created from what it excretes.

• A hyperparasite is an organism that uses another parasite as its host.
• This type of parasitism is especially common in bugs that eat other bugs.
• The term is also used in relation to bugs that have parasites or parasitoids as their hosts.
• Hyperparasites are mainly found among wasps, flies, and beetles.

• Spiders are part of a group of animals known as ‘Arachnids’.
• They have two parts to their body, eight legs, and no wings or antennae. Spiders are predators and often eat one another.
• Insects have six legs whereas spiders have eight, so spiders are not insects.

• Spiders are part of a group of animals known as ‘Arachnids’.
• These creatures have two parts to their bodies, eight legs and no wings or antennas.
• All spiders hunt for food and some even eat other spiders.
• Insects have six legs, which makes them different from spiders.
• Therefore, spiders are not insects.

• Spiders are part of a group of animals called Arachnids, which have two sections to their body, eight legs, and no wings or antennae.
• Spiders are predators, and a lot of them even eat other spiders.
• Insects, on the other hand, have six legs, so spiders are not classified as insects.

• Spider silk is a type of protein fiber made by spiders, which people also call ‘Gossamer silk’.
• It is amazingly strong and stretchy, and is often said to be stronger than steel – although this isn’t quite true, it’s still very impressive! Spider silk is one of the most remarkable natural materials on Earth.

• The silkworm produces the silk that is used commercially during the pupa stage of its life cycle.
• It starts as an egg, then becomes a larva (the growing stage), and then spins a cocoon (like a cotton ball) around itself to protect itself when it is ready to become an adult.
• The cocoon is made from one long strand of silk, about 1.5 km long.
• Once it becomes an adult, the life cycle is complete.

• The silkworm is the baby form of a silk moth called Bombyx mori, which is a very important bug because it produces silk.
• It lives on the leaves of mulberry trees.

• Lac is a red, sticky substance that comes from certain kinds of insects, with the most common type being Kerria lacca.
• To grow lac, farmers attach a stick with eggs on it to a tree, and the insects will then cover the tree and make the lac. This resin is used to make varnishes, waxes, and shellac.

• Cockroaches have clear or white blood because they do not have hemoglobin.
• Instead of using hemoglobin to move oxygen, they use a network of tubes called tracheae to get oxygen and take out carbon dioxide from their bodies.

• Insects need oxygen to survive and they give off carbon dioxide like humans.
• They don’t have lungs and oxygen isn’t moved through their blood.
• Instead, they have a special tube system called a tracheal system that helps move oxygen around their body.

• Statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct, but statement 4 is not accurate because guinea worm is an organism with the scientific name Dracunculus medinensis.
• This type of nematode causes guinea worm disease, which is also known as dracunculiasis. The female worm can grow up to 800 mm long, making it one of the longest parasites that infect humans.

• A detritivore is an animal that feeds on dead or decaying plants or animals.
• The word is made up of detritus, meaning dead material, and the suffix -vore, meaning eater.
• Detritivores are animals that get their nutrients from eating dead material, helping with the process of decomposition and the nutrient cycle.
• Common detritivores include millipedes, springtails, woodlice, dung flies, slugs, earthworms, sea stars, sea cucumbers, and fiddler crabs. Seahorses and jellyfish are not detritivores as they feed on other animals.

• Filter feeders are animals that get their food from straining particles from the water.
• They help to clean the water and make it healthier.
• Some examples of filter feeders are clams, oysters, krill, sponges, whales, fish (including some sharks), flamingos and certain types of ducks.
• Oysters are special because they suck in water through their gills and filter out particles like plankton to eat.

• RNocturnal animals are more active at night than during the day.
• During the day, they usually sleep in a hole or a sheltered area.
• They have good hearing, smelling, and eyesight that helps them in the dark.
• Examples of nocturnal animals are mosquitoes, bats, owls, and kiwis.

• The sperm whale has the biggest brain out of all animals, weighing in at 7 kg (17.5 pounds).
• The blue whale, the largest animal, is twice as long and three times heavier, but its brain weighs 5 kg (12.5 pounds).
• Humans have an average brain weight of 2.7 pounds (1.2 kg), with normal variations between 1.1 and 1.4 kg. Our brain makes up between 1.5-2% of our body weight.
• Elephants have the biggest brain out of all land animals, weighing 10.5 pounds (4.78 kg). However, this is only 0.1% of its body size.

• Ants make a type of acid called formic acid.
• It is a type of acid made of chemical elements.
• When ants bite, they put this acid into their bite.

• Only female mosquitoes take blood from animals like birds and mammals, living on them like parasites.
• Males don’t do this, instead they get their food from flowers and juice.
• Sometimes females will also drink juice. Females are usually bigger than males.
• That is why choice (d) is the correct answer.

• RCamels have special abilities that let them walk long distances over sandy desert hills with no water or plants.
• This is why they are nicknamed the ‘Ship of the Desert’.
• They have wide, flat, leathery feet pads with two toes each.
• They also breathe very slowly. A camel can gulp down over 100 litres of water at one time and store it in their body for later.

• In spider cannibalism, one spider eats another of the same species.
• Usually, it’s a female eating a male before, during, or after mating.
• But sometimes the male is strong enough to get away and try to mate again

• The king cobra is special compared to other snakes because the female is a very attentive parent.
• She will build a nest for her eggs using leaves and other materials, and she will stay with the nest until her babies hatch.
• Normally, a female king cobra will lay 20 to 40 eggs in the nest, which works as an incubator.

• The king cobra is different from other snakes since the female king cobra is a very devoted parent.
• She creates a nest for her eggs by gathering leaves and other items into a pile to lay them in, and stays in the nest until the babies are born.
• The female usually puts 20 to 40 eggs in the nest, which serves as a place for them to grow.

• The cobra’s venom mainly has a damaging effect on the nervous system. It also contains a substance that affects the heart.
• The toxins in the venom are proteins and pieces of proteins.

• The king cobra mainly eats other snakes, like rat snakes, small pythons, and other poisonous snakes like cobras and kraits.
• When it’s difficult to find food, they may also eat small animals like lizards, birds, and mice.

• Pythonidae, more commonly known as pythons, are a type of non-venomous snake found in Africa, Asia and Australia.
• Some of these snakes are some of the biggest in the world.

• Snakes have a poison gland which is similar to the salivary glands of other animals with backbones.
• The venom a snake produces is in fact a more powerful version of its saliva.

• Snakes have modified teeth in their upper jaw known as fangs. Usually there is only one pair of these fangs, which are long, curved and sharp.
• They are attached to the poison glands.

• The Kangaroo rat is a small mammal that lives in the dry areas of North America. The Kangaroo rat has adapted to living in the desert by producing a very concentrated form of urine.
• Their kidneys work very hard to make the urine almost solid.

• Once green sea turtles reach adulthood, they only eat plants.
• Parrot fish, dugong, and green anacondas are all herbivores (plant eaters) and green anacondas give birth to live young instead of laying eggs like other reptiles. Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

• It hasn’t been proven that dogs are naturally omnivores, but there is a lot of evidence that suggests they are actually carnivores.

• Lithophytes are plants found living in or on rocks.
• These plants are sometimes referred to as epipetric or epilithic plants. Lithophytes get their nutrients from rain water and from other plants that have died and started to break down.
• They even use their own dead tissues for nutrition.

• A pitcher plant is a type of plant that eats insects and other small animals.
• It grows in soil that doesn’t contain enough nitrogen for other plants, so it gets its nitrogen from the insects it consumes.

• The pitcher plant is a meat-eating plant with leaves that have been changed a lot to look like pitchers.
• These pitchers are tall tubes that come up to about 75 cm from the ground and have a wide opening of 6 to 10 cm around.

• Pitcher plants or Nepenthes are able to synthesize their food by the process of photosynthesis, hence they are autotrophs.
• Usually, they grow on soils deficient in nitrogenous compounds and fulfill their required nitrogen by digesting insects. Other options are correctly matched.

• Nependthes khasiana is the only kind of pitcher plant that is found in India and it takes its name from the Khasi Hills area of Meghalaya.
• It is mostly seen in the Garo, Khasi and Jaintia

• Turmeric is taken from the rhizome or modified stem of a plant from the curcuma botanical group, which belongs to the Zingiberaceae family of herbs.
• Its scientific name is Curcuma longa. All curcumas are plants that grow in warm and humid areas.
• They need temperatures of at least 60°F (29.8°C) in order to survive. India, Sri Lanka, Fiji, and Queensland in Australia have climates suitable for growing turmeric.

• Turmeric is taken from the rhizome or modified stem of a plant from the curcuma botanical group, which belongs to the Zingiberaceae family of herbs.
• Its scientific name is Curcuma longa. All curcumas are plants that grow in warm and humid areas.
• They need temperatures of at least 60°F (29.8°C) in order to survive. India, Sri Lanka, Fiji, and Queensland in Australia have climates suitable for growing turmeric.

• The sweet potato is a type of plant that belongs to the Convolvulaceae family.
• It is grown by replanting its roots.

• Sugarcane, potato, and ginger are all plants whose storage organ is the stem.
• Sweet potato, however, is stored in the root which is grown from the radicle.

• Turnip, carrot and sweet potato are all kinds of roots that have been changed, and ginger is a stem that has been altered.

• Plants like potatoes, ginger, garlic and yams store food by changing their stems into underground structures.
• For example, potatoes have an “eye” on them, ginger has nodes with spaces between them and scaly leaves, and garlic/onions have a bunch of roots at the bottom of a short stem.
• This shows that these underground parts are actually modified stems.

• Tubers, rhizomes, corms and bulbs are all similar in that they help plants grow, but they do so in different ways.
• Plants that have rhizomes include ginger, turmeric, and sugarcane.
• Plants with tubers include potatoes, cassava, and dahlias. Bulbs are seen in onions, garlic, tulips, amaryllis, and narciss

• Potatoes are vegetables with either red or brown skin and a starchy inside.
• The scientific name for the potato plant is Solanum tuberosum and it belongs to the nightshade family of plants, Solanaceae.
• The starchy inside of a potato is known as a tuber, which is where plants store nutrients such as starch or sugar.

• Potatoes are a type of plant with a red or brown skin around the stem, also known as a tuber. These tubers store food like sugar or starch inside.
• The scientific name for the potato plant is Solanum tuberosum, and it belongs to the Solanaceae family, also known as the nightshade family.

• The pea plant is a type of herb that grows once a year. It can grow in many different conditions, but prefers cooler, more damp weather with temperatures between 60 and 75 degrees Fahrenheit.
• It is part of a large group of plants known as the Fabaceae family.

• Cloves are dried, fragrant flower buds that are used in medicine, cooking, and to ease tooth pain.
• The scientific name for the clove tree is Syzygium aromaticum (Eugenia caryophyllata) and it is a part of the Myrtaceae family.
• Cloves come from Indonesia and are used in many different dishes. The clove tree can grow to be 10-20 metres tall and have large oval leaves.

• Cloves are dried buds that have a strong smell and are used in Ayurvedic medicine, cooking, and as a pain reliever for dental issues.
• The scientific name of the clove tree is Syzygium aromaticum (Eugenia caryophyllata) and it belongs to the Myrtaceae family.
• Cloves originally come from Indonesia and are used as a spice in many different cuisines. The clove tree can grow up to 10-20 metres tall and has large oval shaped leaves.

• Cloves are dried flower buds that have a strong smell and are used in Ayurvedic medicine, cooking, and for pain relief when dealing with toothaches.
• The scientific name of the clove tree is Syzygium aromaticum (Eugenia caryophyllata) and it is part of the Myrtaceae family.
• This tree is from Indonesia and is used as a spice in food around the world. It can grow from 10-20 metres tall and has large oval shaped leaves.

• Cloves are dried flower buds that have a pleasant smell and are used in Ayurvedic medicines, cooking, and as a pain reliever for toothaches.
• The scientific name of the clove tree is Syzygium aromaticum (Eugenia caryophyllata) and it comes from the Myrtaceae family.
• Cloves are originally from Indonesia and are now used as a spice in many different types of food. The clove tree can grow up to 10-20 metres tall and has large oval-shaped

• Cloves are dried and closed-up buds that have a strong scent. They are used in Ayurvedic medicines, cooking, and to help with toothache.
• The scientific name of the clove tree is Syzygium aromaticum and it belongs to the Myrtaceae family.
• Cloves are native to Indonesia and are used in many types of cuisine worldwide. The clove tree can grow to be 10-20 metres tall and has large, oval-shaped leaves.

• Cloves are dried, fragrant buds used in Ayurvedic medicines, cooking, and as a pain reliever for dental issues.
• The scientific name for the clove tree is Syzygium Aromaticum, and it comes from the Myrtaceae family. They come from Indonesia and are a popular spice in many different cuisines.
• The clove tree can grow to be between 10-20 meters tall and has large, oval shaped leaves.

• In plants, a bud is a small part of a stem or leaf that hasn’t grown yet.
• It usually appears in the angle between a leaf and stem.

• Saffron is a type of spice that comes from a flower, called the Saffron Crocus.
• The spice is taken from the center of the flower. This is the only way to get Saffron.

• Saffron is taken from the female reproductive parts (stigma and styles) of the Crocus sativus flower.
• These parts are used to create seeds.

• The part of the potato that you can eat is the tuber (a changed stem), not the root.
• This means that answer (c) is not right. The other answers are right.

• The part of the potato that is eaten is the tuber (a stem that has changed), not the root.
• Therefore, option (a) does not match. The other options do match correctly.

• Okra is a type of plant that belongs to the mallow family. Its scientific name is Abelmoschus esculentus.
• The fruit of the okra plant is a capsule that can be up to 18cm long and has five sides.
• It contains lots of seeds and the entire fruit is able to be eaten. Potatoes are mostly eaten as tubers, radishes are eaten as roots, and sweet potatoes are eaten as roots too.

• True fruit is the fruit that comes from a flower’s fertilized ovary.
• Examples include mangoes, grapes, cherries, watermelons, lemons, dates, and plums.
• False fruit is the fruit that comes from a flower’s ripened ovary plus other parts.
• Examples of false fruit include cashews, apples, pears, gourds, cucumbers, jackfruit, and pineapples.

• Lychee is a moist, sweet fruit which is part of the soapberry family.
• It comes from an evergreen tree with feathery leaves.
• It looks like a plum, a cherry, or a mango with a bumpy, pink-red skin that can be easily peeled off.

• Garlic contains sulfur-containing compounds (Allyl methyl sulphide) that give it a strong odor.
• It is also used to make people sweat, increase urine production, help with breathing, and treat high blood pressure and heart problems.

• The sulfur in onions causes our eyes to tear up because it irritates our tear-producing glands.

• Chillies are mainly appreciated for their spiciness and colour. This spiciness is from the ingredient ‘capsaicin’, which is taken from chillies and used for medicinal purposes.
• The scientific formula for capsaicin is C18H27NO3.

• Red chillies are spicy due to a chemical called capsaicin, which has the formula C18H27NO3.

• Fructose is a kind of sugar that is called fruit sugar because it is found in a lot of fruits.
• It is a type of single sugar molecule.

• Diatoms are helpful in solving criminal cases.
• They can be used to determine if someone died from drowning.
• Diatoms are types of algae that use sunlight to survive and they can be found in water, soil, and other wet areas.

• The mulberry is also called a sorosis.
• It’s a type of fruit that contains lots of flesh and is made up of many flowers.
• The seeds are found on the outside and examples of this type of fruit are pineapple and figs.

• Sunn, hemp, and jute fibres come from stems, while cotton comes from the cotton plant’s fruit, known as cotton balls.
• Cotton fibres are split into two types – lint and fuzz. Lint fibre is more valuable for business use than fuzz fibre.

• Triticale is a type of cereal that was created by scientists in the late 1800s in Scotland and Germany. It was made by combining wheat and rye.
• Unlike rye, Triticale is able to self-pollinate, similar to wheat.

• Triticale is a cereal crop created by people. It was made by combining wheat and rye in scientific labs in Scotland and Germany during the late 1800s.
• Triticale is a mix between wheat and rye, but it’s similar to wheat in that it self-pollinates, unlike rye that cross-pollinates.

• Plants like lichens and mosses can survive on land with no soil. Lichens are able to grow on many surfaces, like tree bark, rocks, soil, and even glass.
• Mosses don’t have real roots, but they do have rhizoids which help them cling to rocks. They prefer moist, shady areas and don’t need soil to live.

• Desert plants have the ability to survive in dry environments. They have long roots that search for water in the soil and their stems are usually small, adapted and underground.
• Plants that have adapted with very long roots are called phreatophytes.

• Desert plants are able to survive in dry conditions. They have long roots that search for water in the ground, and their stems are usually small and hidden underground.
• These plants, which have adapted to the desert environment by growing long roots, are called phreatophytes.

• Phreatophytes are plants with long roots that can reach deep underground to obtain a lot of their water from the water table.
• These plants can stay hydrated without relying on the soil moisture. Their roots can be up to 25-30 metres long.

• A succulent is a type of plant that can save water for when it is not able to get any.
• These plants typically grow in dry, desert-like areas.

• Epiphytes are plants that live on other plants such as trees, getting their water and nutrients from the air, rain, and sometimes from debris around them.
• They don’t get their nutrition from the plant they are living on, but sometimes they can harm it.

• Hydrophytes are plants that are adapted to live in a watery environment.
• Halophytes are plants that grow in salty soil or water and are found in salty deserts, mangrove swamps, marshes, sloughs, and on seashores.

• Plants that live in water are called hydrophytes.
• Halophytes grow in salty places, like semi-deserts, mangrove swamps, marshes, and beaches.

• Nepenthes are not plants that live in water.
• They are tropical carnivorous plants that belong to a certain type of plant.
• Other plants are matched correctly.

• Statement 1 is true because too much acid in the fruit or recipe can cause weeping jelly.
• Statement 2 is false because Acetobacter diazotrophicus is not good for sugarcane crops.
• Statement 3 is also false because a halophyte is a plant that grows in salty water.
• Statement 4 is correct because dormancy in some seeds can be broken by using hormones such as gibberellins and cytokinin.

• Producers, or autotrophs, act as the link between living things and non-living things in an environment.

• Autotrophs, like plants on land or algae in water, are the producers in a food chain. Heterotrophs are the consumers of these autotrophs.
• Fungi are referred to as saprotrophs since they get their nutrients from dead organic matter.
• Herbivores, which are animals that mainly eat plants, are the primary consumers of autotrophs. Therefore, option (d) is incorrect.

• Trophic level-I consists of all organisms that make their own food, such as green plants.
• These organisms use the sun’s energy to form their own organic molecules.

• Copepods are tiny crustaceans that live in both saltwater and freshwater.
• They are important for the ocean’s food chain, as they mostly feed on phytoplankton.
• There are some larger species which eat smaller copepods. Others feed on organic debris or bacteria. Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are tiny organisms that live in water and are a part of the phytoplankton.
• They contain pigments that can absorb energy from light. Diatoms are another type of algae found in oceans, rivers and soil, and they produce a lot of organic material.
• Foraminifera are single-celled organisms with an outer shell and they feed by streaming granular ectoplasm.

• When it gets cold in winter, lakes and rivers will freeze. Only the top part will become solid, while the water underneath will stay liquid.
• This means that fish and other creatures living in the water can still survive.

• Fish use their gills to breathe.
• These gills take in oxygen from the water.
• If a fish is removed from the water, its gills cannot absorb oxygen from the air and it will die.

• Fish take in oxygen using their gills, which can take in oxygen from water.
• When fish are taken out of the water, they can’t take in oxygen from the air, so they eventually die.

• Red apples get their red colour from a type of pigment called anthocyanin.

• Tomatoes are red because of the carotenoid pigment lycopene.
• Apples are red because of anthocyanin pigments.
• Carrots are red-orange because of the pigment β-Carotene.

• Tomatoes are red because of the pigment lycopene.
• Apples are red because of anthocyanin pigments.
• Carrots are red-orange because of the pigment beta-carotene.

• Tomatoes are red because of the pigment lycopene, apples are red because of anthocyanin pigments, and carrots are red-orange because of the pigment beta-carotene.

• The scientific name of papaya is ‘Carica papaya’.
• It is full of carotene, which is an early form of vitamin A. Papaya also includes papain, an enzyme that helps break down proteins.
• The fruit’s yellow colour is caused by the presence of caricaxanthin.

• Scientists from the Botanical Survey of India have found a new type of banana in a far away tropical rainforest on Little Andaman Islands.
• This species, called Musa indandamanesis, was spotted 16 km inside the Krishna-Nalah forest of the island. It is said to have a unique green flower and fruit bunch much larger than a regular banana species.
• It is also 11 metres high, which is three to four times bigger than the usual banana species. The fruit bunch of this new species is one metre long, which is three times the size of a regular banana species.

• People from China, the US, India and Black Africa are all the same species – they’re humans.
• Homo sapiens is the scientific name for humans, while other animals have different species names.

• Yeasts, moulds and mushrooms are all types of fungus.
• Fungus is the plural form of fungi. Fungi don’t have chlorophyll or any type of vascular system.

• Yeasts, moulds (molds) and mushrooms are all types of a group of organisms called fungi.
• Fungi don’t have chlorophyll and don’t have tubes that transport liquids like plants

• Yeasts, molds, and mushrooms are all types of fungus.
• Fungus is the name for more than one fungus, and they don’t have chlorophyll or special tubes that help them move

• Yeasts, molds, and mushrooms are all types of fungus.
• Fungi is the plural form of fungus. Fungi do not have chlorophyll or a vascular system.

• Cnidaria is a type of aquatic animal found in both freshwater and marine environments.
• This phylum contains over 11,000 species, such as corals, hydras, jellyfish, Portuguese men-of-war, sea anemones, sea pens, sea whips, and sea fans.
• An important relationship in the environment is the symbiotic one between cnidarians and algae.
• This helps coral reefs to grow in nutrient-poor tropical waters, and without this relationship, coral reefs could not survive. Fungi also have several mutualistic relationships with other organisms.
• Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic relationship that forms between fungi and vascular plants, and lichen is an organism that results from a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism.
• In protozoa, symbiosis is usually a mutualistic association between a protozoan and unicellular symbionts or a multicellular organism.

• Cnidaria is a group of aquatic animals that live in both freshwater and saltwater. It includes corals, jellyfish, sea anemones, and more.
• Fungi have a relationship with other organisms called mutualism, where both organisms benefit from each other.
• A mycorrhiza is a relationship between fungi and plants, where the fungus provides nutrients and water, and the plant provides carbohydrates.
• Lichens are when fungi and photosynthesizing organisms live together. Lastly, protozoa have a mutualistic relationship with bacteria, algae, and other multi-celled organisms.

• Cnidaria is a type of animal that lives in water, both in saltwater and freshwater.
• These animals include jellyfish, corals, hydras, sea anemones, and more. They have a special relationship with a type of algae called Symbiodinium, which helps coral reefs grow and survive in nutrient-poor areas.
• Fungi also have mutualistic relationships with other organisms.
• Mycorrhiza is a relationship between fungi and plants, while lichen is a relationship between fungi and photosynthetic organisms.
• Protozoa also have symbiotic relationships, mostly with unicellular organisms or multicellular organisms like plants.

• Lichens are made up of two organisms living together in harmony.
• The two organisms are fungi and algae.

• Lichens are two organisms that grow together as a team.
• They are a combination of fungi and algae.

• Algae and fungi working together to create lichens is called mutualism.
• They work together in a way that helps both of them.
• Algae or cyanobacteria gives the fungi organic compounds from photosynthesis.
• The fungi gives the algae protection and helps it get water and food from the environment, while also giving it something to attach to.

• Bacteria called Rhizobium japonicum, which live in the roots of plants like alfalfa, clover, peas and beans, help these plants to get nitrogen from the air.
• This process is called nitrogen fixation, and it changes nitrogen gas (N2 ) into ammonium (NH4 OH). Some types of blue-green algae can also do nitrogen fixation.

• The chemical composition of cotton is as follows–Cellulose – 91.00%
  Water – 7.85%
  Protoplasm – 0.55%
  Elephatic elements – 0.40%
  Mineral salts – 0.20%

• Noscapine comes from the poppy plant.

• Heroin comes from the opium poppy plant. The latex in the plant contains a chemical called morphine, which is used to make heroin and other drugs.
• These drugs are used medicinally and for illegal activities.

• Morphine is taken from the green fruits of a poppy plant, which is a type of flowering plant.
• Morphine is named after Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams, and is used as a painkiller and sleeping pill.
• It has an effect on the central nervous system.

• Opium is made from the sap of unripe fruit, which is gathered by cutting into the fruit.

• Opium is made from the sap that comes out of unripe fruit when cuts are made on the surface.

• Opium is made from the milky sap that comes from unripe poppy plants.
• It contains 12% morphine, a chemical alkaloid.
• This morphine is often changed into illegal drugs like heroin.

• Papaver somniferum is a type of flower from the Papaveraceae family.
• Its fruit has several little capsules inside, which are released when the capsule opens or is forced open.
• Opium is a substance taken from the milk of these unripe capsules.
• Opium contains various alkaloids such as morphine, codeine, and papaverine

• Opium is a type of drug that makes you calm and sleepy and slows down your heart rate and breathing.
• It also helps to reduce pain and is used to make many types of pain relief medicines.
• It contains morphine, which is used to make codeine, heroin, and other drugs that act similarly to opium.