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Indian Revolutionary Movements Abroad
1. Indian Home Rule Society (India House)
- Founder: Shyamji Krishna Verma
- Year Established: February 1905
- Location: London
- Primary Goal: To achieve Indian self-government (Home Rule) by pressuring the British government.
- Associated Publication: ‘The Sociologist’
- Later Activity: Due to increased British scrutiny, Shyamji Krishna Verma moved operations to Paris and later to Geneva.
2. Ghadar Party
- Original Name: The Hindustan Association of the Pacific Coast
- Year Founded: 21st April, 1913
- Founder: Lala Hardayal
- First Chairman/President: Sohan Singh Bhakna
- Base of Operations: San Francisco, USA
- Composition: Primarily Indian immigrants living in the USA and Canada.
- Publication:
- Newspaper called ‘Ghadar’ (also ‘Hindustani Ghadar’)
- Published in Urdu and Punjabi.
- The party derived its name from this newspaper.
- Primary Goal: To overthrow British rule in India through armed struggle.
- Historical Context:
- The outbreak of the First World War (1914) was seen as a prime opportunity to launch a revolt.
- Key Members:
- Pt. Ramchandra
- Barkatullah
- Rashbihari Bose
- Raja Mahendra Pratap
- Kartar Singh Sarabha
- Madam Bhikaji Cama
- Pt. Kanshiram
- Not Associated: Khudiram Bose (he was involved in an earlier bomb attack in 1908).
3. Provisional Government of India in Kabul (1915)
- Year Established: 1915
- Location: Kabul, Afghanistan
- Historical Context: Established during World War I.
- Leadership:
- President: Raja Mahendra Pratap
- Prime Minister: Maulavi Barkatullah
- International Recognition: Received acknowledgment from Germany and Russia.
4. Key Revolutionaries Operating Overseas
- Madam Bhikaji Cama
- Regarded as the “Mother of Indian Revolution”.
- Born into a wealthy Parsi family.
- Served as the private secretary to Dadabhai Naoroji.
- Unfurled the first version of the Indian National Flag at the International Socialist Conference in Stuttgart, Germany (1907).
- Operated from Europe (primarily Paris) for over 30 years.
- Maulavi Barkatullah
- Prominent revolutionary based abroad.
- Prime Minister of the Provisional Government in Kabul.
- Rash Bihari Bose
- Revolutionary based in Japan.
- Established the India Independence League.
- The League was formally established at the Bangkok Conference (1942) during World War II.
- It later collaborated with Subhas Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army (INA).
- Other Prominent Figures: V.V.S. Iyer, M.N. Roy
5. Revolutionary Assassinations & Martyrs in England
- Madan Lal Dhingra
- Action: Assassinated Curzon Wyllie (a British political official).
- Location: London (1909)
- Punishment: Hanged.
- Udham Singh
- Action: Assassinated Michael O’Dwyer (the former Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab responsible for the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre).
- Location: London (1940)
- Punishment: Hanged.
6. The Komagata Maru Incident (1914)
- Ship: A Japanese naval ship chartered for a voyage to Canada.
- Passengers: Carried 376 Indian immigrants.
- Event in Canada: Passengers were denied entry by Canadian authorities at Vancouver.
- Event in India:
- Upon forced return, the ship docked at Budge Budge port in Calcutta.
- A violent clash ensued between the passengers and British police.
- Outcome:
- Death of 18 passengers.
- Imprisonment of 202 others.
- Key Figures:
- Baba Gurdit Singh (chartered the ship)
- Bhagwan Singh, Barkatullah, and Sohan Singh (organized support movements).
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