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The Demand for ‘Poorna Swaraj’ (Complete Independence)

I. Chronological Development

A. Initial Proposal (1921)

• Event: 1921 Ahmedabad Session of the Indian National Congress.
• Proposal: Maulana Hasrat Mohani was the first to formally propose defining the Congress’s goal of ‘Swaraj’ as ‘Complete Independence free from all foreign control’.
• Session Chair: Hakim Ajmal Khan (presided in place of the imprisoned elected president, C.R. Das).

B. Formal Adoption (1929)

• Event: Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress in December 1929.
• President: Jawaharlal Nehru (his first presidency).
• Key Resolution: The Congress officially adopted ‘Poorna Swaraj’ (Complete Independence) as its goal.
• Outcome: This move rejected the earlier idea of Dominion Status within the British Empire.

C. Symbolic Acts and Declarations

• Flag Hoisting: On December 31, 1929, Jawaharlal Nehru hoisted the tricolor flag of Indian independence on the banks of the Ravi River in Lahore.
• Poorna Swaraj Day: It was declared that January 26, 1930, would be celebrated as the first ‘Poorna Swaraj Day’ (Complete Independence Day).
• Annual Observance: This tradition of celebrating January 26th as Independence Day was observed every year until actual independence in 1947.

II. Key Figures and Their Roles

III. Clarifications on Session Context

Resolutions that were NOT part of the 1929 Lahore Session:

• A resolution to abolish untouchability.
• A resolution rejecting the two-nation theory (though the Congress ideologically opposed it).

Resolutions that WERE part of the 1929 Lahore Session:

• The declaration of ‘Poorna Swaraj’ (Complete Independence).
• A declaration on India’s foreign policy.

Historical Clarification:

• The rift between the Extremist and Moderate factions within the Congress was resolved earlier, at the 1916 Lucknow Session, not in 1929.

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