1. The Indian National Congress was established by
(a) A.O. Hume
(b) Surendra Nath Banerji
(c) W.C. Banerji
(d) Anne Besant
[42nd B.P.S.C. (Pre) 1997]
Ans. (a) A.O. Hume
- A.O. Hume was an ex-British civil servent who had worked in the Indian Civil Service.
- In 1884, he started the Indian National Union.
- He had gone to Kolkata, Mumbai, and Madras and wanted the first Indian National Union to meet in Poona.
- The goal was to get educated Indians more involved in the Government and allow them to discuss civil and political issues.
- Unfortunately, due to a Cholera outbreak, the first session was moved to the Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit Vidyalaya in Bombay.
- This took place on 28 December 1885.
- Dadabhai Naoroji suggested that the organization be renamed the ‘Indian National Congress’.
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2. The precursor of the Indian National Congress was :
(a) British Indian Association
(b) Indian Association
(c) Indian National Union
(d) Indian League
(e) None of the above/More than one of the above
[60th to 62nd B.P.S.C. (Pre) 2016]
Ans. (c) Indian National Union
- In 1884, the Indian National Union was created.
- Its first meeting was on December 28, 1885.
- This gathering was later referred to as the Indian National Congress.
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5. When was Indian National Congress set up?
(a) in 1885
(b) in 1886
(c) in 1887
(d) in 1888
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010, Uttarakhand P.C.S. (Mains) 2006, Jharkhand P.C.S (Pre) 2003, 43rd B.P.S.C. (Pre) 1999]
Ans. (a) in 1885
- The Indian National Congress was started in 1885 by A.O. Hume, a former civil servent.
- The first meeting was held on 28 December 1885 at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College with 72 representatives.
- Hume was the General Secretary and Womesh Chandra Banerjee was chosen as the president.
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7. How many Muslim delegates participated in the Second Convention of the Indian National Congress?
(a) 2
(b) 33
(c) 30
(d) 41
(e) None of the above/More than one of the above
[66th B.P.S.C. Re-Exam (Pre) 2020]
Ans (b) 33
- In 1886, Dadabhai Naoroji chaired the second Congress meeting, which took place in Calcutta.
- 33 Muslim representatives attended this gathering.
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8. The first conference of the Indian National Congress was held at–
(a) Kolkata
(b) Lahore
(c) Mumbai
(d) Pune
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2008, U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2007, Uttrakhand U.D.A./LDA (Mains) 2007, 42nd B.P.S.C. (Pre) 1997]
Ans. (c) Mumbai
- The first meeting of the Congress was held in Bombay on December 28th at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College.
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14. The General Secretary of the Indian National Congress in the year 1885 was :
(a) A.O. Hume
(b) Dadabhai Naoroji
(c) W.C. Banerjee
(d) Firoz Shah Mehta
[U.P. U.D.A./L.D.A. (Spl) (Pre) 2010]
Ans.(a) A.O. Hume
- In 1885, A.O. Hume was the general secretary of the Indian National Congress and was responsible for setting it up.
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15. The Indian National Congress was established during the viceroyalty of:
(a) Lord Ripon
(b) Lord Lytton
(c) Lord Elgin II
(d) Lord Dufferin
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2012, U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2011, U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2006]
Ans. (d) Lord Dufferin
- The Indian National Congress was created under the rule of Lord Dufferin, who was Viceroy from 1884 to 1888.
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17. Who had ridiculed Congress as representing only a short-sighted minority of the people?
(a) Lord Ripon
(b) Lord Dufferin
(c) Lord Curzon
(d) Lord Wellesley
[U.P. P.C.S. (Mains) 2012]
Ans. (b) Lord Dufferin
- Lord Dufferin called the Indian National Congress a short-sighted minority of the people of India.
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18. Who among the following was not present at the founding session of the Indian National Congress:
(a) Dadabhai Naoroji
(b) G. Subramaniya Iyer
(c) Justice Ranade
(d) Surendranath Bannerjee
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1997]
Ans. (d) Surendranath Bannerjee
- Surendranath Banerjee and Anand Mohan founded the Indian Association in Bengal in 1876 to motivate young people to be nationalists.
- The first All-Indian National Conference was in December 1883, and the second was in December 1885 in Calcutta and was led by Surendranath Banerjee.
- Because of this, Surendranath Banerjee was not at the founding of the Indian National Congress.
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20. In 1889, a committee was set up in Britain to gain support for the Congress, amongst the following was its President –
(a) Sir W. Wadderburn
(b) Mr. Digby
(c) Dadabhai Naoroji
(d) W.C. Banerjee
[R.A.S./R.T.S. (Pre) 1996]
Ans. (b) Mr. Digby
- The British Committee of India was created in London in July 1889.
- It was headed by William Digby and was part of the Indian National Congress.
- Its main aim was to gain support for the Congress.
- To spread news and information about India, the committee published a weekly magazine called “India”.
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21. The first Muslim President of the Indian National Congress was:
(a) Abul Kalam Azad
(b) Rafi Ahmad Kidwai
(c) M.A. Ansari
(d) Badruddin Tyyabji
[Uttarakhand U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2007, U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2005, U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1995]
Ans. (d) Badruddin Tyyabji
- Badruddin Tyabji was the first Muslim President of the Indian National Congress and was elected in 1887 at third session of INC at Madras.
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23. Consider the following statements:
1. The first woman, President of the Indian National Congress, was Sarojini Naidu.
2. The first Muslim President of the Indian National Congress was Badruddin Tyabji.
Which of the statement given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2015]
Ans. (b) 2 only
- Annie Besant was the first woman President of Indian National Congress at its 1917 Calcutta session, while Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman to be elected President of the INC in 1925 at Kanpur session.
- Annie Besant, of Irish origin, was an important figure in India’s freedom struggle.
- Statement 2 is also correct as Badruddin Tyabji was the first Muslim President of the INC, elected in 1887 for the third session at Madras.
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24. Who was the Second Muslim President of the Indian National Congress?
(a) Abul Kalam Azad
(b) Zakir Hussain
(c) Rahimtulla Mahomed Sayani
(d) Badruddin Tyabji
(e) None of the above/More than one of the above
[66th B.P.S.C. Re-Exam (Pre) 2020]
Ans (c) Rahimtulla Mahomed Sayani
- Rahimtulla M. Sayani was the second Muslim president of the Indian National Congress.
- He was the president of their 1896 Calcutta session, which was the first time Rabindranath Tagore sang the song ‘Vande Mataram’.
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25. The first European to be elected as President of the Indian National Congress was
(a) A. O. Hume
(b) George Yule
(c) Alfred Webb
(d) Annie Besant
[U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2013]
Ans. (b) George Yule
- George Yule (a Scottish merchant) was the first European to become the President of the Indian National Congress.
- He was in charge of the 4th session of the INC held at Allahabad in 1888.
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26. Who among the following was never concerned with the Indian National Congress?
(a) Firozshah Mehta
(b) Hakim Ajmal Khan
(c) Khan Abdul Ghaff ar Khan
(d) Sir Syed Ahmad
[Uttarakhand U.D.A./ L.D.A. (Pre) 2003]
Ans. (d) Sir Syed Ahmad
- Sir Syed Ahmad Khan had no connection to the Indian National Congress.
- He worked in the Judicial Service during the 1857 revolt and was loyal to the British.
- He started the magazine “Rajbhakt Muslima” to show his loyalty to the British and made the “United Indian Patriotic Association” with the help of Raja Shiv Prasad “Sitar-iHind”.
- He shared his opinions through the magazine “Tahjeebul-Akhlakh”.
- In 1875, he founded the Anglo-Mohammedan Oriental School in Aligarh, which taught Western subjects.
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27. Who among the following was never elected as a President of the ‘Indian National Congress.’
(a) Lala Lajpat Rai
(b) Annie Besant
(c) Moti Lal Nehru
(d) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
[U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Mains) 2008, Uttarakhand U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2007, U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2006]
Ans. (d) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
- Lala Lajpat Rai, who was famously called ‘The Lion of Punjab’, led the Indian National Congress in a special meeting in Calcutta in 1920.
- He wrote the book ‘Unhappy India’.
- Annie Besant was a famous Irish nationalist and was the leader of the Theosophical Society from 1907-1933.
- She formed the ‘Home Rule League’ in 1916 and was the first female President of the Indian National Congress in 1917.
- Moti Lal Nehru was the President of the Congress in 1919 and 1928 and started the ‘Swaraj Party’ in 1923.
- Tilak, who started the newspapers ‘Kesari’ and ‘Maratha’, and created the famous slogan ‘Swaraj is my birthright’, but never became President of the Congress.
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28. Who among the trio-Lal, Bal and Pal became president of the Indian National Congress:
(a) Lala Lajpat Rai
(b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(c) Bipin Chandra Pal
(d) None of them
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1997]
Ans. (a) Lala Lajpat Rai
- Lala Lajpat Rai was the leader of the Indian National Congress in a special session of Calcutta in 1920.
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31. For which of the following sessions the Congress elected its first women President?
(a) Calcutta Session, 1917
(b) Gaya Session, 1922
(c) Allahabad Session, 1921
(d) Lucknow Session, 1916
[U.P.P.C.S. (Re. Exam) (Pre) 2015]
Ans. (a) Calcutta Session, 1917
- The 32nd meeting of the Indian National Congress took place in Calcutta from December 26th to 29th in 1917, where Annie Besant was chosen as the first female President of the Indian National Congress.
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35. Who was the first Indian Woman President of the Congress?
(a) Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit
(b) Pandita Rama Bai
(c) Sarojini Naidu
(d) Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur
[Uttarakhand P.C.S. (Mains) 2002]
Ans. (c) Sarojini Naidu
- Sarojini Naidu was a well-known poet and patriot.
- In 1925, she was the first Indian woman to be elected President of the Indian National Congress at its 40th annual session in Kanpur.
- In 1947-49, she became the first Indian woman to serve as Governor of Uttar Pradesh.
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37. Who among the following was the youngest person to become the President of the Indian National Congress?
(a) Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) Abul Kalam Azad
(c) Ananda Mohan Bose
(d) Bhupendra Nath Bose
[M.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2017]
Ans. (b) Abul Kalam Azad
- Abul Kalam Azad was the youngest person to be elected president of the Indian National Congress at a special session of the Congress in Delhi in 1923.
- He served as president of the Indian National Congress for the longest period before independence – 6 years (1940-1946).
- Jawaharlal Nehru was president of the INC at the Lahore session in 1929.
- Ananda Mohan Bose in 1898 (Madras) and Bhupendra Nath Bose in 1914 (Madras) were also presidents of the INC.
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38. Consider the following Statements:
1. The First Session of the Indian National Congress was held in Calcutta
2. The Second Session of the Indian National Congress was held under the presidentship of Dadabhai Naoroji
3. Both Indian National Congress and Muslim League held their sessions at Lucknow in 1916 and concluded the Lucknow Pact
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 3 only
[Jharkhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2011, I.A.S. (Pre) 2004]
Ans. (c) 2 and 3
- The first meeting of the Indian National Congress was held in Bombay, not in Calcutta, which was originally planned to be in Poona. However, due to Cholera, it was moved to Bombay.
- The second session was in 1886, in Kolkata, presided by Dadabhai Naoroji.
- In 1916, the Indian National Congress and Muslim League both had their meetings in Lucknow, and they signed a pact, known as the “Lucknow Pact”.
- At this meeting, extremists were also allowed to join INC after 9 years.
- Ambika Charan Mazumdar was the President of this Lucknow session.
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39. At which place was the 27th Session of the Indian National Congress held?
(a) Bhagalpur
(b) Patna
(c) Ranchi
(d) Bankipur
[53rd to 55th B.P.S.C. (Pre) 2011]
Ans. (d) Bankipur
- In 1912, the 27th session of the Indian National Congress was held in Bankipur (Patna), with Raghunath Mudholkar as the President.
- At this session, A.O. Hume was referred to as the founder of the Indian National Congress.
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40. In which of the following Sessions of the Indian National Congress Bal Gangadhar Tilak had expressed,” Swaraj is my birthright, I shall have it.”
(a) Banaras Session, 1905
(b) Calcutta Session, 1906
(c) Surat Session, 1907
(d) Lucknow Session, 1916
[U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Mains) 2004]
Ans. (d) Lucknow Session, 1916
- At the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress in 1916, Tilak strongly declared that “I have a right to self-rule and I will get it”.
- The extremists rejoined the Congress at this session and the “Lucknow Pact” was achieved through Tilak and Annie Besant’s hard work.
- It is also known as the “Congress-League Agreement”.
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45. Consider the following statements about the Indian National Congress:
1. Sarojini Naidu was the first woman to be the President of the Congress
2. C.R. Das was in prison when he functioned as the President of the Congress
3. The first Britisher to become the President of the Congress was Alan Octavian Hume
4. Alfred Webb was the President of Congress in 1894.
Which of these statements is correct?
(a) 1 and 3
(b) 2 and 4
(c) 2, 3 and 4
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2000]
Ans. (b) 2 and 4
- Annie Besant was the first female president of the Indian National Congress at the Calcutta session in 1917.
- A.O. Hume founded the Indian National Congress but never served as president. Instead, he was appointed as the secretary.
- C.R. Das was the president of the 1922 Gaya session and was nominated for the 1921 Ahmedabad session, but Hakim Ajmal Khan was in charge, as C.R. Das was in prison.
- Alfred Webb was the president of the 1894 Madras session.
- George Yule was the first British president of INC.
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46. Who said that the “Congress Movement was neither inspired by the people nor devised or planned by them”?
(a) Lord Dufferin
(b) Sir Syed Ahmed
(c) Lord Curzon
(d) Lala Lajpat Rai
[47th B.P.S.C. (Pre) 2005]
Ans. (d) Lala Lajpat Rai
- Lala Lajpat Rai made this remark to underscore his critical view of the Indian National Congress as being disconnected from the masses in its early years.
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47. “The Congress is faltering to its fall and one of my great ambitions while in India is to assist it to a peaceful demise.” This declaration was made by :
(a) George Hamilton
(b) Lord Curzon
(c) Lord Dufferin
(d) Lord Minto
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2002, U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2002]
Ans. (b) Lord Curzon
- This declaration was made by Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India (1899–1905).
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48. While delivering the presidential address, the Congress President who advocated the introduction of Roman script for the Hindi language was:
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Abul Kalam Azad
(d) Subhash Chandra Bose
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2000]
Ans. (d) Subhash Chandra Bose
- Subhash Chandra Bose spoke about using Roman script for Hindi when he gave a speech as President in 1938.
- He was the president of the Indian National Congress meeting in Haripura at that time.
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49. Who among the following suggested the winding up of the Indian National Congress after India attained independence?
(a) C. Rajagopalachari
(b) Acharya Kripalni
(c) Mahatma Gandhi
(d) Jayaprakash Narain
[Uttarakhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2005, U.P. Lower Sub. (Spl) (Pre) 2004, I.A.S. (Pre) 1996]
Ans. (c) Mahatma Gandhi
- Mahatma Gandhi proposed that the Indian National Congress should be disbanded once India gained independence.
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50. Which of the following was elected to collaborate with Mahatma Gandhi who was to author the new Constitution of the Congress as the per resolution of the Indian National Congress at Amritsar Session, 1919?
1. B.G. Tilak 2. N.C. Kelkar
3. C.R. Das 4. I.B. Sen
Select the correct answer from the code given below:
Code :
(a) 2 and 4
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 3 and 4
(d) 1 and 3
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014]
Ans. (a) 2 and 4
- Gandhi wanted Tilak and Das to help him write the Constitution of Congress, but they were too busy to join.
- So, N.C. Kelkar and I.B. Sen stepped in and took their place to help Gandhi write the Constitution.
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52. Which of the following sessions of the Indian National Congress was presided over by C. Vijay Raghav Chariar?
(a) Lucknow Session (1916)
(b) Nagpur Session (1920)
(c) Gaya Session (1922
(d) None of the above
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2016]
Ans. (b) Nagpur Session (1920)
- C. Vijay Raghav Chariar was the president of the Indian National Congress in 1920 at the Nagpur session.
- During this session, Gandhi’s idea of achieving full independence through non-cooperation was discussed and accepted.
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53. In which one of the following sessions, Congress declared its policy towards the Indian States for the first time?
(a) Nagpur session
(b) Gaya session
(c) Calcutta session
(d) Lucknow session
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2015]
Ans. (a) Nagpur session
- In 1920, Congress made a decision about how to deal with Princely rulers at their Nagpur Session.
- They wanted the states to give the people full control over their government.
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54. Who was the President of the Gaya Session of the Indian National Congress held in 1922?
(a) Chittaranjan Das
(b) S.N. Banerjee
(c) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
(d) Hakim Ajmal Khan
[56th to 59th B.P.S.C. (Pre) 2015]
Ans. (a) Chittaranjan Das
- Chittaranjan Das was the President of the Indian National Congress’s Gaya Session in 1922.
- He was a great lawyer who showed his skill by successfully defending Aurobindo Ghosh in the famous Alipore Bomb Case.
- Along with Motilal Nehru, he formed the Swaraj Party in the INC, aiming to enter the councils and disrupt their activities.
- He is also called Deshbandhu.
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55. Given below is a list of persons who became Presidents of the Indian National Congress. Arrange then in
chronological order.
Select your answer using the code given below the list.
1. Mahatma Gandhi 2. Jawaharlal Nehru
3. Vallabh Bhai Patel 4. Smt. Sarojini Naidu
Code :
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(b) 1, 3, 4 and 2
(c) 1, 4, 2 and 3
(d) 4, 3, 1 and 2
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2004, U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2002]
Ans. (c) 1, 4, 2 and 3
- The Presidents of the Indian National Congress are Mahatma Gandhi (who chaired the Belgaum Session in 1924), Sarojini Naidu (the first female Indian President who chaired the 40th session in Kanpur in 1925), Jawahar Lal Nehru (who presided over the Lahore Session in 1929, Lucknow Session in 1936, and Faizpur Session in 1936) and Patel (who chaired the Karachi Session in 1931).
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58. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the code given below:
List – I List – II
(President) (Places, where Meetings of the Indian National Congress were held)
A. Abul Kalam Azad 1. Amritsar, 1919
B. Sarojini Naidu 2. Bombay, 1934
C. Motilal Nehru 3. Kanpur. 1925
D. Dr. Rajendra Prasad 4. Ramgarh, 1940
Code :
A B C D
(a) 1 3 2 4
(b) 2 4 3 1
(c) 3 2 4 1
(d) 4 3 1 2
[U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2014]
Ans. (d) 4 3 1 2
- Motilal Nehru was the President of Indian National Congress in 1919 in Amritsar.
- Sarojini Naidu followed suit and was the President in 1925 in Kanpur.
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad stepped up for the Presidency in 1934 in Bombay.
- Abul Kalam Azad was the President in 1940 in Ramgarh.
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59. In which of the following sessions of the Indian National Congress, Jawaharlal Nehru spoke of socialism as the key to the solution to India’s problems?
(a) Lahore
(b) Lucknow
(c) Allahabad
(d) Ramgarh
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015]
Ans. (b) Lucknow
- At the Indian National Congress in Lucknow on December 26, 1936, Jawaharlal Nehru said in his speech that socialism was the answer to India’s issues.
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60. The Haripura Session of the Indian National Congress, 1938 was presided over by:
(a) Abul Kalam Azad
(b) J.B. Kripalani
(c) Rajendra Pradesh
(d) Subhash Chandra Bose
[U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Mains) 2008]
Ans. (d) Subhash Chandra Bose
- The 51st session of Congress was held in Haripura, Gujarat, from 19-21 February 1938, with Subhash Chandra Bose as president.
- After becoming Congress President, Subhash Chandra Bose couldn’t head the National Planning Committee. He then persuaded Jawaharlal Nehru to become its first chairman in 1938.
- Rajendra Prasad was elected as President in 1934, and Abul Kalam Azad was elected as President of Congress from 1940-1946.
- J. B. Kripalani was President of the Congress at the Meerut Session in 1947.
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62. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the code given below the lists–
A. Dr. M.A. Ansari 1. Haripura
B. Purushottam Das Tandon 2. Kanpur
C. Sarojini Naidu 3. Madras
D. Subhash Chandra Bose 4. Nasik
Code :
A B C D
(a) 1 2 4 3
(b) 2 3 1 4
(c) 3 4 2 1
(d) 4 1 3 2
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2012]
Ans. (c) 3 4 2 1
- Subhash Chandra Bose presided over the Haripura Congress Session in 1938
- Purushottam Das Tandon presided over the Nasik Session in 1950
- Dr. M.A. Ansari presided over the Madras Session in 1927
- Sarojini Naidu presided over the Kanpur Session in 1925
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63. Who among the following was the President of the Indian National Congress continuously for six years?
(a) Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) Abul Kalam Azad
(c) G. K. Gokhale
(d) Dadabhai Naoroji
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2016]
Ans. (b) Abul Kalam Azad
- Abul Kalam Azad was the leader of the Indian National Congress for 6 years, from 1940 to 1946, during the Quit India Movement.
- He was just 35 years old when he became president of the INC in 1923 at the Delhi special session, making him the youngest president ever.
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64. The President of the Indian National Congress at the time of Independence was?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) J.B. Kriplani
(d) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
[Uttarakhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2010, Uttarakhand P.C.S. (Mains) 2006]
Ans. (c) J.B. Kriplani
- J. B. Kripalani was the president of the Indian National Congress when India gained independence.
- He was chosen in November 1947 at the Meerut Session.
- He was also a part of the interim Government of India and the Constituent Assembly of India.
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65. On which occasion was ‘Jana-Gana Mana,’ first sung?
(a) 1896 Session of INC
(b) 1905 Session of INC
(c) 1911 Session of INC
(d) 1919 Session of INC
[U.P.P.S.C. (GIC) 2010]
Ans. (c) 1911 Session of INC
- “Jana Gana Mana” is India’s national anthem.
- It is written in Bengali and is the first part of a hymn composed by Nobel Prize winner Rabindranath Tagore.
- It was first sung in Calcutta at a meeting of the Indian National Congress in December 1911.
- Then, on January 24, 1950, it was officially declared the Indian National Anthem.
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66. The last session of the Indian National Congress attended by Bal Gangadhar Tilak was :
(a) Calcutta Session, 1906
(b) Surat Session, 1907
(c) Calcutta Session, 1917
(d) Amritsar Session, 1919
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2014]
Ans. (d) Amritsar Session, 1919
- The last Indian National Congress session attended by Bal Gangadhar Tilak was in Amritsar in 1919.
- He disagreed with Gandhi’s decision not to participate in the legislative councils established by the Montagu-Chelmsford Report in 1918.
- Tilak proposed that the delegates should cooperate with the reforms, which allowed Indians to be involved in regional government. He passed away on August 1st, 1920.
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