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Indian Geography : Introduction Notes with PDF

By October 4, 2025 Educational Resources 0 Comments

These notes are your ultimate revision weapon to revise Indian Geography : Introduction. We’ve distilled years of previous exam questions (PYQs) into one powerful, concise resource. Everything you need to know, nothing you don’t.

  • PYQs, Decoded: All key concepts from past exams, organized and simplified.
  • Revise in Record Time: Short, precise, and designed for last-minute review.
  • Focus on What Matters: Master high-probability topics and boost your confidence.
  • Free PDF to download.

1. Area and Global Standing

  • Total Area:
    • Approximately 3.28 million square kilometers.
    • Seventh-largest country in the world by area.
    • Occupies about 2.4% of the world’s total land area (lithosphere).
  • Population:
    • Second-most populous country in the world.
    • Has about 16% to 18% of the world’s population.
  • Internal Divisions:
    • Comprises 28 states (as of current data, noting that 26 was incorrect per a 2016 reference).
    • Has approximately 6 lakh 30 thousand (630,000) villages.
  • Land Boundary:
    • Extends for approximately 15,200 km.

2. Geographical Extent

  • Latitudinal Extent:
    • From 8°4′ North to 37°6′ North latitude.
    • The latitude passing through Sikkim also passes through Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir.
  • Longitudinal Extent:
    • From 68°7′ East to 97°25′ East longitude.
    • The 70° East longitude passes through Jaisalmer in Rajasthan.
  • Extreme Points:
    • Southernmost Point: Indira Point (Great Nicobar Island).
      • Note: Kanyakumari is the southernmost point of the Indian mainland.
    • Westernmost Point: 68°7’E longitude in Gujarat.
    • Confluence of Seas: The Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea, and Indian Ocean meet at Kanyakumari.
    • Major Cities (East-West): Among Hyderabad, Bhopal, Lucknow, and Bengaluru, Lucknow is the most eastward located.

3. The Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N)

  • Location & Significance:
    • Passes through India.
    • The statement “The whole of India lies in the tropic zone” is false; parts north of the Tropic are in the sub-tropical zone.
  • States it Passes Through:
    • Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram.
  • Proximity to Cities/Towns:
    • Kolkata is the city nearest to the Tropic of Cancer.
    • The town nearest from a given list is Ujjain.
  • States North of the Tropic:
    • Indian states lying entirely north of the Tropic of Cancer include Jharkhand, Manipur, and Jammu & Kashmir.
  • Effect on Day Length:
    • In June, Delhi will have the maximum day length compared to other options.

4. Indian Standard Time (IST)

  • Reference Meridian:
    • Calculated based on 82.5° East longitude.
    • This meridian passes through the city of Allahabad (Naini).
  • States the IST Meridian Passes Through:
    • Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Andhra Pradesh.
    • It does not pass through Maharashtra.
  • Time Calculations:
    • Every 1° of longitude equals a 4-minute time difference.
    • If it is noon at IST (82.5°E), the local time at 120°E is 2:30 PM.
    • If it is 10:00 AM IST, the local time at Shillong (92°E) is 10:38 AM.
    • A place observing 6:00 AM when it is midnight at the IST meridian is at 172°30′ East.
  • City Proximity:
    • Among listed cities, Rewa in Madhya Pradesh is closest to the 82.5°E meridian.

5. International Borders & Neighboring Countries

  • International Boundary Lines:
    • The India-Pakistan boundary is the Radcliffe Line.
    • It is classified as a Superimposed Boundary (drawn by external powers, ignoring existing cultural patterns).
  • Neighboring Countries (by Border Length):
    • In ascending order: Nepal < Pakistan < Bangladesh < China.
  • Separation from Sri Lanka:
    • India and Sri Lanka are separated by the Palk Strait.
  • Indian States Sharing Borders:
    • With Bangladesh: West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram. (Manipur does not).
    • With Nepal: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim, and Uttarakhand.
      • A specific pair bordering Nepal is Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
    • With Myanmar: Mizoram shares its border with Myanmar (and Bangladesh).
    • With Bhutan: Assam and West Bengal.
    • State with a Three-Sided International Boundary: Tripura (bordered by Bangladesh on the north, south, and west).

Know More About  Indian Geography: Introduction:

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