Cytology: Study of Cell Notes with PDF
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Cell Organelles and Their Functions
Mitochondria
- Function: Often called the “powerhouse” of the cell. It plays the most significant role in generating ATP (energy) through processes like the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain (last respiratory series).
- Structure: Contains its own DNA, separate from the nuclear DNA.
- Location: Found in both plant and animal cells.
Cell Wall and Plasma Membrane
- Cell Wall:
- Presence: A key difference between plant and animal cells; present in plant cells but absent in animal cells.
- Composition: Made of cellulose.
- Plasma Membrane:
- Presence: Present in both plant and animal cells.
- Composition: Its structure is built up of both proteins and lipids.
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosomes
- Function: The Endoplasmic Reticulum (specifically the rough ER) and Ribosomes play the most significant role in protein synthesis.
Vacuoles
- Plant Cell: A mature plant cell typically has one large vacuole.
- Animal Cell: An animal cell has many small vacuoles.
Key Cellular Processes
Cellular Respiration and Energy Production
- The electron transport chain (“last respiratory series”) is the process that generates the maximum number of ATP molecules.
- The Krebs cycle is a crucial part of the process of glucose decomposition for energy production.
Programmed Cell Death
- The cellular and molecular control of programmed cell death is known as Apoptosis.
Unique Biological Agents
Viroids
- Definition: Infectious agents that consist solely of single-stranded RNA molecules.
- Key Fact: They lack a protein coat.
Prions
- Prions are misfolded proteins that cause normal proteins in the brain to misfold and accumulate.
Bacteria: Mycoplasmas and Rickettsias
- Mycoplasmas: Bacteria that naturally lack a cell wall.
- Rickettsias: Bacteria that possess a cell wall.
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