1. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched :
(a) Discovery of Meson – Hideki Yukawa
(b) Discovery of Positron and U.F. Hess – C.D. Anderson
(c) Theory of energy production in the sun and stars – H.A. Bethe
(d) Synthesis of transuranic elements – Enrico Fermi
[U.P. U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2002, U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2001, 2003]
Ans. (d) Synthesis of transuranic elements – Enrico Fermi
- In 1935, Hideki Yukawa from Japan discovered Meson particles. In 1932, C.D.
- Anderson and U.F. Hess found Positron, which is the opposite of the electron.
- In 1938, Hans Albrecht Bethe explained how stars like the Sun get their energy.
- Glenn T. Seaborg tried to make a transuranic element in 1934, but was not successful like Enrico Fermi.
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2. Which one of the following is not correct :
(a) The theory of evolution was propounded by Charles Darwin.
(b) The breaking apart of the nucleus of an atom is called fusion.
(c) ‘Dry ice’ is nothing but solid carbon dioxide.
(d) Telephone was invented by Graham Bell.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1999]
Ans. (b) The breaking apart of the nucleus of an atom is called fusion.
- Option (b) is incorrect. The splitting apart of an atom’s nucleus is called fission, not fusion.
- Fission is when the nucleus of an atom divides into smaller pieces.
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3. Read the following statements–
Statement (A): Ernest Rutherford said in the Royal Society that a man will never be able to get nuclear energy.
Reason (R): He was confident that the Law of Einstein would fail and the volume would not be converted to energy.
Select your answer in the code given below :
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (A) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct.
(d) (R) is correct but (A) is not correct.
[U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 1994]
Ans. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (A) is the correct explanation of (A).
- According to question both statement and reason are correct and reason (R) is the correct explanation of statement (A).
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4. One of these particles is claimed to have invented which rebut the Einstein’s theory of relativity :
(a) Microwave photon
(b) Neutrino
(c) Liquid crystal
(d) Light emitting diode
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2009]
Ans. (a) Microwave photon
- Gunter Nimtz and Alfons Stahlhofen, two physicists from the University of Koblenz in Germany, said they sent microwave photons faster than the speed of light.
- This goes against a major part of Einstein’s special theory of relativity, which says that nothing can ever be faster than the speed of light.
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5. Cyclotrons are used to accelerate :
(a) Neutrons
(b) Protons
(c) Atoms
(d) Ions
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1997]
Ans. (b) Protons
- A cyclotron is a device that uses energy to make particles like alpha particles, deuterons, and protons move really fast.
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6. Which one of the following can be used to confirm whether drinking water contains a gamma emitting isotope or not?
(a) Microscope
(b) Lead plate
(c) Scintillation counter
(d) Spectrophotometer
[I.A.S. (Pre) 1995]
Ans. (c) Scintillation counter
- A scintillation counter is a device that can detect and measure radiation by using a scintillator material that is excited by the radiation and then detects the resulting flashes of light.
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7. The energy of the sun is released due to
(a) Nuclear Fission
(b) Nuclear Fusion
(c) Oxidation Reactions
(d) Reduction Reactions
[42nd B.P.S.C. (Pre) 1997, R.A.S./R.T.S. (Pre) 1993]
Ans. (b) Nuclear Fusion
- The sun creates energy through nuclear fusion in its center.
- Hydrogen atoms join together and form a helium atom, releasing energy that spreads throughout the solar system.
- This is the primary energy source for the sun and other stars. Additionally, gravity gives stars energy as well.
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8. Stars obtain their energy from :
1. Nuclear fusion
2. Gravitational contraction
3. Chemical reaction
4. Nuclear fission
Select your answer from the codes given below:
Code :
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 1, 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 4
(d) 2 and 4
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2000]
Ans. (a) 1 and 2
- The sun produces energy in its core by combining hydrogen atoms into helium atoms through nuclear fusion.
- This energy then moves out of the core and throughout the solar system.
- This is the main source of energy for the sun and stars.
- Additionally, the gravitational force of stars is also a source of energy.
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9. The stars receive their energy from which of the following?
(a) Nuclear fusion
(b) Nuclear fission
(c) Chemical reaction
(d) Gravitational pull
[Uttarakhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2006]
Ans. (a) Nuclear fusion
- Stars are made up mainly of hydrogen and helium, which are squashed together so tightly in the middle of a star that a nuclear fusion reaction is triggered.
- This is when the core of two atoms join together to form a new atom. Nuclear fusion is the source of energy for all stars.
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10. Which one of the following is the source of renewable energy in stars–
(a) Hydrogen changes into helium
(b) Helium changes into hydrogen
(c) Decay of radioactive material
(d) Excess of oxygen which is helpful in burning and generating energy.
[U.P.P.C.S.(Pre) 2009]
Ans. (a) Hydrogen changes into helium
- Stars create renewable energy by turning hydrogen into helium.
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11. Source of Energy from the Sun is
(a) Nuclear fssion
(b) Nuclear fusion
(c) Photoelectric efect
(d) Cherenkov efect
Uttrakhand U.D.A./L.D.A. (Mains) 2006
Ans. (b) Nuclear fusion
- Stars create renewable energy by turning hydrogen into helium.
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12. Consider the following statements : In a nuclear reactor, a self-sustained chain reaction is possible, because :
1. More neutrons are released in each of the fusion reactions.
2. The neutrons immediately take part in the fission process.
3. The fast neutrons are slowed down by graphite.
4. Every neutron released in the fission reaction initiates further fission.
Which of these statements are correct?
(a) 1, 2, and 3
(b) 1 and 3
(c) 2 and 4
(d) 2, 3 and 4
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2001]
Ans. (b) 1 and 3
- Nuclear reactors, which used to be called atomic piles, use uranium-235 or plutonium-239 as fuel.
- When these substances absorb a neutron, they can break into two or more pieces and release energy, radiation, and more neutrons.
- To slow down the neutrons, water, graphite, or beryllium oxide is used.
- This process is called a self-sustaining chain reaction, making statements 1 and 3 correct.
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13. What is a Nuclear Reactor–
(a) Place where the atomic bomb is built
(b) Heavy water pond
(c) The emitter of U238
(d) Molecular furnace
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1992]
Ans. (d) Molecular furnace
- A nuclear reactor is a machine that starts and keeps nuclear reactions going.
- It is used to make electricity and make ships move.
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14. Which statement is not associated with nuclear fission:
(a) Neutron-induced nuclear reaction.
(b) Energy generation in stars.
(c) Source of energy in a nuclear reactor that produces electricity.
(d) Enormous energy is released in an atom bomb.
[Uttarakhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2016]
Ans. (b) Energy generation in stars
- Nuclear fission is when a large atomic nucleus splits into pieces of the same size and releases a lot of energy.
- Nuclear fusion is when two or smaller atoms come together to form a bigger one and also release a lot of energy.
- Nuclear reactions, nuclear reactors for electricity, and atomic bombs all use nuclear fission, while the energy that stars produce comes from nuclear fusion.
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15. Consider the following statements about nuclear fusion reactors :
i. They work on the principle of fission of heavy nuclei.
ii. They usually have Tokamak design.
iii. They operate at very high temperature.
Of these
(a) Only i and iii are correct
(b) Only i and ii are correct
(c) Only ii and iii are correct
(d) All the three i, ii and iii are correct
[U.P. R.O./A.R.O. (Pre) 2016]
Ans. (c) Only ii and iii are correct
- Nuclear fusion reactors do not rely on the joining of two light nuclei like statement (i) suggests.
- Instead, they are known as ‘Thermonuclear reactions’ because they need to be very hot to work.
- Most nuclear fusion reactors are made in a Tokamak design.
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16. The difference between a nuclear reactor and atom bomb is that :
(a) There is no chain reaction in nuclear reactor whereas this happens in atom bomb
(b) The chain reaction in nuclear reactor is controlled
(c) The chain reaction in nuclear reactor is not controlled
(d) Atom bomb is based on nuclear fusion whereas in nuclear reactor, nuclear fssion occurs.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1999, I.A.S. (Pre) 1995]
Ans. (b) The chain reaction in nuclear reactor is controlled
- Nuclear reactors and atom bombs both create a lot of energy, but how they use it is different.
- In nuclear reactors the reaction is slowed down and managed so it can be used for peaceful purposes, whereas in atomic bombs the reaction is not managed and is not controlled.
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17. With reference to the radioactivity, which of the following statements is/are correct ?
1. Radioactivity is a nuclear property.
2. Hydrogen bomb is prepared on the principle of nuclear fssion.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
Codes :
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
[U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2021]
Ans. (a) Only 1
- Radioactivity is when atoms give off energy in the form of particles called alpha, beta, and gamma radiation.
- Statement 1 is true, but statement 2 is false because the hydrogen bomb is not based on nuclear fusion.
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18. The important nuclear fuel available in India in abundance is :
(a) Uranium
(b) Thorium
(c) Iridium
(d) Plutonium
[U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2003, R.A.S./R.T.S. (Pre) 1992]
Ans. (b) Thorium
- A report from India’s Department of Atomic Energy states that India has an abundance of thorium, with around 10.7 million tons of monazite containing 963,000 tons of thorium oxide.
- Andhra Pradesh alone holds about 35% of India’s thorium reserves.
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19. Radioactive element which has been found to have large reserves in India is :
(a) Plutonium
(b) Radium
(c) Thorium
(d) Uranium
[Uttarakhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2006]
Ans. (c) Thorium
- India has the most Thorium in the world. It is believed that India has between 457,000 and 508,000 tonnes of Thorium.
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20. To meet its rapidly growing energy demand some opine that India should pursue research and development on thorium as the future fuel of nuclear energy. In this context, what advantage does thorium hold over uranium?
1. Thorium is far more abundant in nature than uranium.
2. On the basis of the per unit mass of mined mineral, thorium can generate more energy compared to natural uranium.
3. Thorium produces less harmful waste compared to uranium.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?
(a) Only 1
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 1, 2, and 3
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2012]
Ans. (d) 1, 2, and 3
- Thorium is more common than uranium in Earth’s crust.
- It is three times more concentrated. It can produce more energy than uranium when mined.
- It can only be used in thermal breeder reactors.
- Thorium fuel won’t create materials in the waste that can be used to make bombs.
- It also won’t create health risks like transuranic (bigger than uranium) atoms.
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21. Which of the following element is not included as a nuclear fuel–
(a) Cadmium
(b) Thorium
(c) Plutonium
(d) Uranium
[R.A.S./R.T.S. (Pre) 1993]
Ans. (a) Cadmium
- Thorium, plutonium and uranium are elements that give off radiation and are used as energy sources in nuclear power plants.
- Cadmium is not a radioactive element, but its rods are used in the control and protection of nuclear reactors.
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22. Identify the mineral not associated with atomic power –
(a) Monazite
(b) Thorium
(c) Beryllium
(d) Chromium
[Chhattisgarh P.C.S. (Pre) 2003]
Ans. (d) Chromium
- Chromium is not related to nuclear energy.
- Monazite is the main source of thorium, which can be used as a nuclear fuel.
- Beryllium oxide is used to control the speed of nuclear reactions.
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23. Which of the following is not a fuel element?
(a) Uranium
(b) Thorium
(c) Radium
(d) Helium
[M.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1997]
Ans. (d) Helium
- Radioactive elements can be used as fuel for nuclear power.
- Helium is a gas that does not mix with other elements and does not react with them.
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24. Which one of the following can not be used as a nuclear fuel?
(a) Uranium
(b) Thorium
(c) Calcium
(d) Plutonium
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014]
Ans. (c) Calcium
- Uranium-235 and plutonium-239 are the most widely used nuclear fuels.
- Thorium is found in higher amounts in nature than uranium, and can be changed into uranium-233 as a nuclear fuel.
- Calcium is not used as a nuclear fuel.
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25. Which is not used as Atomic fuel?
(a) Uranium
(b) Thorium
(c) Plutonium
(d) Lead
(e) None of these
[Chhattisgarh P.C.S. (Pre) 2014]
Ans. (d) Lead
- Here are some things that are not used as atomic fuel:
- Lead: There is no isotope of lead in nature that can cause further fission.
- Thorium: Thorium is not a nuclear fuel, but it can be used to create one.
- Uranium-238: This is the most common isotope of uranium found in nature, but it is non-fissile.
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26. The principle of the atomic bomb is based on –
(a) Nuclear fusion
(b) Nuclear Fission
(c) Above both
(d) Above none
[39th B.P.S.C. (Pre) 1994]
Ans. (b) Nuclear Fission
- Nuclear weapons are devices that cause a huge explosion by using either nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, or a combination of both processes.
- Atomic bombs are based on nuclear fission and thermonuclear bombs or hydrogen bombs are based on nuclear fusion.
- The material used in atomic bombs is enriched uranium or plutonium.
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27. Which of the following is used in the preparation of Nuclear bombs?
(a) Zirconium
(b) Uranium
(c) Molybdenum
(d) Vanadium
[M.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2014]
Ans. (b) Uranium
- Uranium is used to make nuclear bombs.
- The main part of the bombs contains uranium-235 that is very concentrated, usually around 90%.
- This type of uranium is called highly enriched uranium (HEU).
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28. With reference to the radioactivity, which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
1. Radioactivity is a nuclear property.
2. A hydrogen bomb is prepared on the principle of nuclear fission.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Code:
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) 1 and 2 both
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
[U.P. R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2016]
Ans. (a) Only 1
- Radioactivity is something that happens when an atom is unstable and breaks apart, giving off energy.
- Statement 1 is correct, but statement 2 is wrong because the hydrogen bomb is made using nuclear fusion, which is when two hydrogen atoms join together to form an atom of helium in very high temperatures.
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29. The working principle of atom bomb is nuclear fission of uranium and the working principle of hydrogen bomb is –
(a) nuclear fusion of deuterium.
(b) nuclear fission of thorium.
(c) explosion of a bomb involving hydrogen gas
(d) explosion involving dynamite and T.N.T.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1994]
Ans. (a) nuclear fusion of deuterium
- The hydrogen bomb has a massive amount of blasting strength that comes from a chain reaction that can’t be stopped and continues on its own.
- This reaction happens when two forms of hydrogen (deuterium and tritium) come together under extremely high heat and pressure, forming helium in a process called nuclear fusion.
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30. The hydrogen bomb is based on the principle of –
(a) Controlled fusion reaction
(b) Uncontrolled fusion reaction
(c) Controlled fission reaction
(d) Uncontrolled fission reaction
U.P.P.C.S (Pre) 2010
Ans. (b) Uncontrolled fusion reaction
- A hydrogen bomb uses nuclear fusion, which is when two small atoms join together to make a new atom.
- This process is not able to be controlled.
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31. The hydrogen bomb was developed by :
(a) Edward Teller
(b) Bernor Bon Bron
(c) J.Robert Oppenheimer
(d) Samual Cohen
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015]
Ans. (a) Edward Teller
- Edward Teller was a very famous scientist of the 20th century and was nicknamed the “father of the hydrogen bomb”. He was born in Hungary in January 1908.
- In November 1952, the US tested its first nuclear fusion bomb (hydrogen bomb) at Eniwetok in the Marshall Islands.
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32. Enriched Uranium is –
(a) Uranium sticks laid in the particular shell.
(b) Natural uranium in which radioactive U235 isotope is increased artificially.
(c) mixture of natural uranium and thorium.
(d) chromium-coated uranium sticks.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2009]
Ans. (b) Natural uranium in which radioactive U235 isotope is increased artificially
- Uranium that has had the amount of its uranium-235 isotope increased from normal levels is known as Enriched Uranium.
- This is done through a process called isotope separation.
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33. The ultimate product of the radioactive disintegration of uranium is –
(a) Lead
(b) Radium
(c) Thorium
(d) Plutonium
(e) Uranium
[Chhattisgarh P.C.S (Pre) 2013]
Ans. (a) Lead
- Uranium is the beginning of a group of elements that get less and less radioactive until they turn into the stable element lead.
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34. A radioactive substance has a half-life of four months. Three-fourths of the substance would decay in –
(a) 3 months
(b) 4 months
(c) 8 months
(d) 12 months
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2001]
Ans. (c) 8 months
- t1/2 = 4 months
Remaining quantity 1 – 3/4 = 1/4
According to formula 1/4 = (1/2)n(1/2)² = (1/2)n n=2,
- Hence the 3/4 part decay in nt1/2
= 2 × 4 = 8 months
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35. The half-life of a radioactive element is 5 years the fraction of the radioactive substance that remains after 20 years is –
(a) 1/2
(b) 1/4
(c) 1/8
(d) 1/16
[I.A.S. (Pre) 1994]
Ans. (d) 1/16
- t1/2 = 5 years
20 years = 20/5 = 4 × t1/2
after 4 × t1/2 the remaining quantity is
= (1/2)4 = 1/16
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36. The half-life of a radioactive substance is 10 days; it means there will be :
(a) complete decay of substance in 20 days
(b) complete decay of substance in 40 days
(c) decay of 3/4 part of substance in 20 days
(d) decay of 1/4 part of substance in 5 days
[R.A.S./R.T.S.(Pre) 2007]
Ans. (c) decay of 3/4 part of substance in 20 days
- The half life of a radioactive substance is 10 days; it means in next 10 days there will be half of the remaining radioactive substance. Thus, in total 20 days, there will be decay of 75% or 3/4 part of the substance.
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37. Which one of the following is not radioactive?
(a) Astatine
(b) Francium
(c) Tritium
(d) Zirconium
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2001]
Ans. (d) Zirconium
- Zirconium has an atomic number of 40, which means it is not a radioactive element.
- Generally, elements with an atomic number higher than 80 are considered radioactive, except Technetium and Promethium, which both have an atomic number less than 80 but are still radioactive.
- Therefore, Astatine (atomic number 85) and Francium (atomic number 87) are both radioactive elements, while Tritium is a radioactive version of hydrogen.
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38. Which Uranium isotope is used in nuclear power plants to produce electricity?
(a) U-233
(b) U-234
(c) U-235
(d) U-239
[Uttarakhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2012]
Ans. (c) U-235
- Uranium has two main forms, U-238 and U-235, which has 143 neutrons. U-235 is the most common isotope and is used in nuclear reactors.
- Natural uranium only contains 0.7% of U-235, but nuclear reactors need it to be at a concentration of 3-5%.
- This process of making the U-235 more concentrated is known as enrichment.
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39. Which metal can be used for producing electricity?
(a) Uranium
(b) Iron
(c) Copper
(d) Aluminium
[47th B.P.S.C. (Pre) 2005]
Ans. (a) Uranium
- Uranium is mostly used in the civilian world to create energy for nuclear power plants.
- A single kilogram of U-235 can create the same amount of energy as 1,500 tons of coal – around 20 tera joules.
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40. Radioactive substance emits –
(a) Alpha rays
(b) Beta rays
(c) Gamma rays
(d) All the above
[40th B.P.S.C. (Pre) 1995]
Ans. (d) All the above
- Radioactive elements have an unstable nucleus which causes them to give off alpha, beta, and gamma rays that cannot be seen by the naked eye.
- This radiation helps them to become a more stable element.
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41. What happens if the control rods are not used in a nuclear reactor?
(a) The reactor will stop working
(b) Chain process would go out of bounds.
(c) The reactor will be slow to act.
(d) The reactor will continue to work as it is.
[R.A.S./R.T.S. (Pre) 1992]
Ans. (b) Chain process would go out of bounds
- Control rods are important for managing the fission process.
- They help keep the reaction going and make sure it doesn’t get out of control.
- These rods are made of substances like boron, silver, indium, and cadmium.
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42. Which one of the following is India’s first nuclear plant?
(a) Narora
(b) Kalpakkam
(c) Tarapur
(d) Kota
[M.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 1992]
Ans. (c) Tarapur
- The Tarapur Atomic power station was the first nuclear power plant to open in India in 1969.
- It is located in Palghar district in Maharashtra.
- Originally, it had the capacity of 320 MW but in 2005, two 540 MW pressurized heavy water reactors were also added.
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43. India’s first atomic power station is –
(a) BARC
(b) Tarapur Atomic Power Station
(c) Narora Atomic Power Station
(d) None of these
[M.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2008]
Ans. (b) Tarapur Atomic Power Station
- India’s first nuclear reactors, Apsara and Cirus, were set up at BARC in Trombay.
- However, they were only for research purposes.
- Therefore, Tarapur atomic power station (1969) is considered India’s first atomic power station.
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44. Who is the present director of ‘BARC’?
(a) Satish Dhawan
(b) R.K. Sinha
(c) G. Madhavan Nayar
(d) Dr. Ramanna
[M.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2010]
Ans. (b) R.K. Sinha
- Dr. Ratan Kumar Sinha was the Director of BARC from May 19, 2010 to June 19, 2012.
- Currently, Dr. Ajit Kumar Mohanty is the Director of BARC, having taken the position on March 12, 2019.
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45. What are the links between Dhruva, Purnima, and Cirus?
(a) They are Indian research reactors
(b) They are stars
(c) These are names of famous books
(d) They are power plants
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2004]
Ans. (a) They are Indian research reactors
- Dhruva, Purnima, and Cirus are all Indian research reactors. Purnima I, II, and III were designed in India.
- All of these 3 reactors were shut down a long time ago.
- Cirus was a heavy water tank reactor that used 10 tons of natural uranium and produced around 40 Megawatts of thermal energy.
- This reactor was provided by Canada and started operating in 1960.
- It was completely stopped in 2010.
- Dhruva is another heavy water tank reactor that uses 6.5 tons of natural uranium from India and produces 100 MW of power.
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46. Which fuel is used by Nuclear reactors in India?
(a) U-270
(b) U-500
(c) Gasohol
(d) U-238
[Uttarakhand Lower Sub. (Pre) 2010]
Ans. (d) U-238
- In India, we use natural uranium as nuclear fuel. This type of uranium has the same isotopes as in nature, with 0.7% uranium-235, 99.284% uranium-238, and a tiny amount of uranium-234 (.005%).
- Therefore, we use low-enriched uranium (U-238) in India.
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47. Kalpakkam is famous–
(a) Due to nuclear power plant
(b) Due to defense laboratory
(c) Due to rocket launching center
(d) Due to space center.
[U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2002, U.P.U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2001]
Ans. (a) Due to nuclear power plant
- Kalpakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, is known for its nuclear plants and associated research facilities.
- This includes Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS), a nuclear power plant, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), which is part of the Department of Atomic Energy, and Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC).
- MAPS is a facility for producing nuclear power, reprocessing fuel, and treating waste, as well as making plutonium fuel for fast breeder reactors.
- It is India’s first nuclear power station built entirely by Indians, and it has two units that each produce 220 MW of electricity.
- Kalpakkam is also the site of the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor, which has a capacity of 500 MWe, and two FBR-600 commercial fast breeder reactors.
- Additionally, Kalpakkam is home to India’s first pressurized (light) water reactor, which was developed by BARC and has a capacity of 80 MW.
- This reactor was the land-based prototype for India’s nuclear submarines.
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48. The Indira Gandhi Atomic Research Centre is located in
(a) Maharashtra
(b) Tamil Nadu
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) Karnataka
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2004]
Ans. (b) Tamil Nadu
- The Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) was created in 1971 in Kalpakkam, which is 80 kilometres south of Chennai (formerly known as Madras).
- It is the second largest research facility of the Department of Atomic Energy after the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre.
- The main purpose of this centre is to carry out a range of scientific studies
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49. The fuel used in the Fast Breeder Test Reactor at Kalpakkam is
(a) Enriched Uranium
(b) Thorium
(c) Plutonium
(d) Tungsten
[Uttarakhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2006]
Ans. (c) Plutonium
- This reactor was inspired by the French reactor Rhapsody, but it has been changed in a few ways.
- It runs on plutonium-uranium carbide that was made in India, and it started working on October 18th, 1985.
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50. Which one of the following coolants is used in the ‘Fast Breeder Test Reactor’ at Kalpakkam?
(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Heavy water
(c) Sea water
(d) Liquid sodium
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1997, U.P. Lower (Spl) (Pre) 2008, U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010]
Ans. (d) Liquid sodium
- The Fast Breeder Test Reactor at Kalpakkam has been running experiments since 1985.
- It uses uranium and plutonium mixed carbide fuel and liquid sodium as a cooling system.
- The sodium helps to remove the heat from the core and transport it to an electrical generator.
- It also helps to keep the pressure levels in the core under control.
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51. What is true for the Kalpakkam Fast Breeder Reactor?
1. In it, natural uranium will be used as a fuel.
2. In it, Plutonium carbide and natural uranium carbide mixture will be used as a fuel.
3. More than 200 MW of atomic electricity will be produced from it.
Choose the correct answer from the following alternatives.
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 1 and 3
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1, 2 and 3
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2005]
Ans. (b) 1 and 3
- The Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) at the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) in Kalpakkam has been running since 1985 and produces 13 MWe of energy.
- It is powered by fuel made from plutonium and uranium and is cooled using liquid sodium.
- The Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) is also being built in Kalpakkam and will be 500 MWe.
- It will be powered by a mixture of uranium and plutonium oxide and will produce more fuel than it consumes.
- This is due to the reaction that takes place in the reactor which converts uranium-238 in the fuel mix and the depleted uranium surrounding the core into plutonium.
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52. Which one of the following is not correctly matched?
(a) Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research – Kalpakkam
(b) Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research – Hyderabad
(c) Harishchandra Research Institute – Chennai
(d) Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics – Kolkata
[U.P.P.S.C. (GIC) 2010]
Ans. (c) Harishchandra Research Institute – Chennai
- The Harishchandra Research Institute (HRI) is an excellent research center for mathematics and theoretical physics.
- It is situated in Prayagraj (U.P.), India and is funded by the Department of Atomic Energy of the Indian government.
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53. Consider the following organizations :
1. Atomic Minerals Directorate for Research & Exploration
2. Heavy Water Board
3. Indian Rare Earths Limited
4. Uranium Corporation of India
Which of these is/are under the Department of Atomic Energy?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 4
(c) 2, 3 and 4
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2001]
Ans. (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
- All of the above institutions are under the Department of Atomic Energy. Organisations and their headquarters are –
- Atomic Minerals directorate for exploration and research- Hyderabad.
- Heavy Water Board – Mumbai
- Indian Rare Earth Ltd. – Mumbai
- Uranium Corporation of India Ltd.– Jaduguda (Jharkhand)
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54. Heavy water is manufactured in India at –
(a) Trombay
(b) Assam
(c) Delhi
(d) Bhilai
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015]
Ans. (a) Trombay
- The Heavy Water Board in Mumbai looks after the making of heavy water, which is used in nuclear power plants.
- There are 7 factories at Tuticorin, Kota, Baroda, Thal, Talcher, Manuguru and Hazira that produce this water.
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55. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by using the codes given below :
List-I List –II
(Atomic Power Station) (State of Situation)
A. Kalpakkam 1. Uttar Pradesh
B. Narora 2. Gujarat
C. Kakrapara 3. Tamil Nadu
D. Trombay 4. Maharashtra
Code :
A B C D
(a) 1 2 3 4
(b) 3 1 2 4
(c) 3 1 4 2
(d) 2 3 4 1
[U.P.P.S.C. (GIC) 2010]
Ans. (b) 3 1 2 4
- Kalpakkam is a small town in Tamil Nadu that is well known for its nuclear power plants and research facilities.
- Narora is situated on the bank of the Ganges river in Bulandshahar district, Uttar Pradesh and it is recognized for its nuclear power station.
- The Kakrapara atomic power station is located near the city of Vyara (close to Surat) in Gujarat and is a nuclear power plant.
- Trombay is a northern suburb of Mumbai, India and it is famous for the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC).
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56. Which one of the following is not correctly matched?
(a) Rajasthan Atomic Power Station – Udaipur
(b) Narora Atomic Power Station – Uttar Pradesh
(c) Madras Atomic Power Plant – Kalpakkam
(d) Kaiga Atomic Power Plant – Karnataka
[U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2009]
Ans. (a) Rajasthan Atomic Power Station – Udaipur
- The only option that does not match correctly is (a) because the Rajasthan Atomic Power Station is located in Rawatbhata, Kota, Rajasthan and not in Udaipur.
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57. The atomic power plants are located at Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
1. Narora
2. Ghatshila
3. Kalpakkam
4. Nangal
Code :
(a) 2 and 4
(b) 1 and 3
(c) only 4
(d) only 2
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2004]
Ans. (b) 1 and 3
- The Narora and Kalpakkam Power Plants both contain atomic energy.
- The Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS) is close to Chennai and was made completely in India.
- It has two units that both produce 220 MW.
- The Narora Atomic Power Station, located in Bulandshahar, Uttar Pradesh, also has two units that each produce 220 MW. So option (b) is the correct answer.
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58. Which one of the following atomic plants of India is located in the IV Seismic Zone?
(a) Kaiga
(b) Kalpakkam
(c) Narora
(d) Tarapur
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010]
Ans. (c) Narora
- The Narora power station is in an area with a lot of earthquakes (Zone IV).
- Kalpakkam has fewer earthquakes (Zone II).
- Kaiga and Tarapur have an average amount of earthquakes (Zone III).
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59. The atomic power plant which became active recently is located at :
(a) Kalpakkam
(b) Narora
(c) Tarapore
(d) Kaiga
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2000]
Ans. (d) Kaiga
- Kaiga Power Station is a nuclear power plant located close to the river Kali in Karnataka.
- It was first established in 2000 and currently has four functioning units that produce 220 MW each.
- The fourth unit was activated in January 2011.
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60. Russia has agreed recently to construct how many units of nuclear reactors at Kudankulam in Tamil Nadu?
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 5
(d) 6
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2009]
Ans. (d) 6
- At Kudankulam in Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, two 1000 MW reactors based on Russian technology (known as PWR-VVER) have been set up as part of phase one of the project.
- Four more reactors are planned in accordance with the agreement between India and Russia from 2008.
- Currently, two of these 1000 MW reactors are up and running.
- Units 3 and 4 are planned to become operational in 2023, with units 5 and 6 being constructed in 2021 and aiming to be ready by 2026-2027.
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61. The function of heavy water in a nuclear reactor is to
(a) Slow down the speed of neutrons.
(b) Increase the speed of neutrons.
(c) Cool down the reactor.
(d) Stop the nuclear reaction.
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2011]
Ans. (a) Slow down the speed of neutrons
- Heavy water, also known as deuterium oxide, has a higher amount of the hydrogen isotope deuterium than usual.
- It is used in reactors to slow down the neutrons produced by fission so the reaction can keep going.
- Other reactors use light water (regular water), graphite, or beryllium oxide as moderators.
- In India, mainly heavy water is used as a moderator in nuclear reactors.
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62. Which one of the following is used as a moderator in a nuclear reactor?
(a) Thorium
(b) Heavy Water
(c) Radium
(d) Ordinary Water
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2011]
Ans. (b) & (d) Heavy Water & Ordinary Water
- Heavy water, also known as deuterium oxide (D2O), is used in nuclear reactors to slow down the speed of fast-moving neutrons.
- Nuclear fission in a reactor can cause a chain reaction, so the speed of the neutrons needs to be controlled so the reaction doesn’t get out of control.
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63. Which one of the following is used as a moderator in the nuclear reactor?
(a) Thorium
(b) Graphite
(c) Radium
(d) Ordinary water
[U.P.P.C.S (Pre) 2011]
Ans. (b) & (d) Graphite & Ordinary water
- In a nuclear power plant, uranium-235 is split in a reactor.
- The uranium-235 rods are placed in a graphite core which helps to slow down the neutrons.
- In a fast reactor, there is no moderator, just fuel and coolant.
- Moderation of neutrons is not necessary in fast reactors.
- Most nuclear reactors use regular water, solid graphite, or heavy water as moderators.
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64. Graphite is used in the nuclear reactor as –
(a) Fuel
(b) Lubricant
(c) Moderator
(d) None of the above
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015]
Ans. (c) Moderator
- Graphite is used in nuclear reactors to reduce the speed of neutrons which are created from splitting Uranium-235 atoms.
- This helps to maintain the chain reaction by increasing the chances of the neutrons reacting with the Uranium-235 nucleus.
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65. A fast breeder reactor is a nuclear reactor which produces electricity –
(a) By fusion process
(b) With the help of solar cells
(c) By burning phenyl substances used by it and by its reproduction
(d) By using refned hard water
[38th B.P.S.C. (Pre) 1992]
Ans. (a) By fusion process
- A fast breeder reactor is a nuclear reactor that generates electricity through the splitting of atoms. This type of reactor produces more atoms than it uses.
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66. A breeder reactor is that which –
(a) Does not require fissionable material at all
(b) Uses only heavy water
(c) Produces more fissionable material than it burns
(d) None of these
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2009]
Ans. (c) Produces more fissionable material than it burns
- A breeder reactor is a type of nuclear reactor that creates more fuel than it uses to produce energy.
- It is designed to extend the amount of nuclear fuel available for making electricity.
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67. The Nuclear Power Corporation of India is now in a position to sell “Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors” (PHWRs) to other countries.’ The reactors in question would be of capacity
(a) 200 MW or 500 MW
(b) 240 MW or 540 MW
(c) 220 MW or 500 MW
(d) 440 MW or 700 MW
[U.P. Lower (Spl) (Pre) 2008]
Ans. (*)
- The Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL) can now offer Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) of 220 MW or 540 MW to other countries.
- This was announced by the chair of the Atomic Energy Commission, Mr. Srikumar Banerjee, at the 54th International Atomic Energy Agency meeting in Vienna in 2010.
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68. Which of the following nuclear power plants has the highest total installed capacity?
(a) Kakrapar
(b) Kaiga
(c) Kudankulam
(d) Tarapur
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014]
Ans. (c) Kudankulam
- Kudankulam is the biggest nuclear power station in India with 2000 MW of installed capacity.
- Kaiga Atomic Power Station has four, smaller CANDU plants of 220 MW each, giving it a total of 880 MW.
- Tarapur atomic power station has 1400 MW, and Kakarapar atomic power station has two 220 MW pressurized water reactors with heavy water as a moderator, making it equal to 440 MW.
- All these nuclear power plants are run by NPCIL (Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd).
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69. The percentage of nuclear energy in India’s total energy generation is –
(a) 60%
(b) 27%
(c) 10%
(d) 3%
[U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2008]
Ans. (d) 3%
- In India, nuclear power is the fourth biggest source of energy after thermal, hydroelectric and renewable sources.
- During the specified period, nuclear energy accounted for about 3% of India’s total energy production.
- As of February 28, 2022, India has 22 nuclear reactors with a total capacity of 6780 MW, which is only 1.71% of the country’s total energy generating capacity.
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70. The official code name of the Pokhran nuclear test 1974, was –
(a) Smiling Buddha
(b) Thunder Bolt
(c) Flying Garud
(d) Agni Pareeksha
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2009]
Ans. (a) Smiling Buddha
- The code name given to India’s first nuclear weapon test was ‘Smiling Buddha’ (MEA designation: Pokhran-I). It happened on May 18, 1974.
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71. The Pokhran II test was conducted on –
(a) June 11th, 1998
(b) June 9th, 1998
(c) May 11th, 1998
(d) May 29th, 1998
[43rd B.P.S.C. (Pre) 1999]
Ans. (c) May 11th, 1998
- India conducted five nuclear bomb tests in 1998 in the Pokhran test range of the Indian Army.
- This operation was named “Shakti” and was known as Pokhran-II.
- It was the second such test by India, the first being Pokhran-I.
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72. ‘Operation Shakti’-98 is the name :
(a) Given to the nuclear test carried out at Pokharan in 1998
(b) Given to air exercises carried out by Indian Air Force SU-30 planes
(c) Given to the pro-active program of the Union Home Minister to contain terrorism in J&K
(d) Given to military action against terrorists in Tripura
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1999]
Ans. (a) Given to the nuclear test carried out at Pokharan in 1998
- On May 11 and 13 of 1998, India tested five nuclear bombs at the Pokhran range in Rajasthan.
- This nuclear test was called Operation Shakti-98.
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73. In May 1998 India conducted 5 nuclear tests at Pokhran. In which state does Pokhran lie?
(a) Gujarat
(b) Rajasthan
(c) Punjab
(d) Himachal Pradesh
[M.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1998]
Ans. (b) Rajasthan
- Pokhran is a place in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, a very secluded spot in the Thar Desert.
- India conducted nuclear tests there underground.
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74. The Nuclear doctrine of India contains
(a) No first use
(b) Unilateral moratorium
(c) Minimum credible deterrence
(d) All of the above
[Uttarakhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2016]
Ans. (d) All of the above
- In August 1999, the National Security Advisory Board (NSAB) created the first version of India’s Nuclear Doctrine.
- This doctrine includes all the choices mentioned.
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75. Consider the following statements :
1. The Nuclear Security Summits are periodically held under the aegis of the United Nations.
2. The International Panel on Fissile Materials is an organ of the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2017]
Ans. (d) Neither 1 nor 2
- In 2009, President Obama announced a plan to hold a summit to make sure all nuclear materials were protected worldwide within four years.
- This plan led to four summits total – one in Washington D.C. in 2010, one in South Korea in 2012, one in the Netherlands in 2014, and one in Washington D.C. again in 2016.
- In January 2006, the International Panel on Fissile Materials was founded.
- This group of arms control and non-proliferation experts represented both nuclear weapon and non-nuclear weapon states.
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76. Assertion (A): CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) is the world’s largest particle Physics Laboratory.
Reason (R): CERN is a French acronym for the name of the provisional body founded 2 years before the organization came into existence.
Code :
(a) Both (A) and (R) are individually true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) are (R) are individually true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is true, but (R) is true.
[M.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2008]
Ans. (b) Both (A) are (R) are individually true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
- The European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) was founded in 1954 and is located in a north-western suburb of Geneva on the French-Swiss border.
- CERN is the world’s largest particle physics laboratory.
- The name of the organization was created in 1952, two years prior to its establishment.
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77. In which one of the following locations is the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project to be built?
(a) Northern Spain
(b) Southern France
(c) Eastern Germany
(d) Southern Italy
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2008]
Ans. (b) Southern France
- ITER (which means ‘The Way’ in Latin) is an experiment meant to show that fusion is an energy source that can be used.
- It is being built in France with the help of seven countries – China, the European Union, India, Japan, South Korea, Russia and the United States.
- This is the biggest fusion reactor ever made.
- ITER won’t actually make electricity, but it will help answer important questions to make fusion usable in the future.
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78. India is an important member of the ‘International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor’. If this experiment succeeds, what is the immediate advantage for India?
(a) It can use thorium in place of uranium for power generation
(b) It can attain a global role in satellite navigation
(c) It can drastically improve the efficiency of its fission reactors in power generation
(d) It can build fusion reactors for power generation
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2016]
Ans. (d) It can build fusion reactors for power generation
- ITER is a research fusion reactor that is currently being built in Cadarache, France.
- It is a step towards the potential of producing electricity from fusion energy, which is how the sun and stars create energy by combining hydrogen atoms.
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79. Consider the following statements :
Assertion (A): India’s nuclear policy incorporates its unpreparedness to open its nuclear plants to international inspection.
Reason (R): India will not produce any nuclear bomb.
Select your answer from the code given below :
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation.
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1994]
Ans. (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
- India is not willing to let other countries look at their nuclear plants due to concerns about people seeing their technology secrets.
- However, India has not ruled out the possibility of building nuclear weapons.
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80. India has refused to sign the treaty on non-proliferation of nuclear weapons.
(a) It is discriminatory.
(b) It will slack India’s nuclear military capability.
(c) It is against the peaceful use of nuclear power.
(d) This strength negatively affects the balance in the South Asian region.
[R.A.S./R.T.S. (Pre) 1992]
Ans. (a) It is discriminatory.
- The NPT has two types of members – Nuclear Weapon states and Non-Nuclear Weapon states.
- Only five countries that had tested a nuclear device before 1967 were given the status of Nuclear Weapon states.
- Other countries wanting to join the NPT had to do so as Non-Nuclear Weapon states. India tested its first nuclear device in 1974, meaning that the only way it could join the NPT was as a Non-Nuclear Weapon state.
- This doesn’t allow India to keep even a small nuclear deterrent, which India feels is unfair.
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81. Consider the following countries :
1. China
2. France
3. India
4. Israel
5. Pakistan
Which among the above are Nuclear Weapons States as recognized by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1, 3, 4 and 5 only
(c) 2, 4 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2015]
Ans. (a) 1 and 2 only
- The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) was made in 1970 to stop the growth of nuclear weapons.
- All countries involved in the treaty are split into two groups: Nuclear Weapon States (NWS) (the US, Russia, China, France, and the UK) and Non-Nuclear Weapon States (NNWS).
- The five NWS pledge to reduce nuclear weapons, while the NNWS promise not to create or get nuclear weapons.
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82. What is/are the consequence/consequences of a country becoming a member of the ‘Nuclear Suppliers Group’?
1. It will have access to the latest and most efficient nuclear technologies.
2. It automatically becomes a member of “The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)”.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2018]
Ans. (a) 1 only
- The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) was set up in 1974 to stop the spread of nuclear weapons.
- It is made up of 48 countries, including the 5 countries that own nuclear weapons (USA, UK, France, China and Russia).
- Members of the NSG get access to the best nuclear technology. Joining the NSG does not mean a country automatically becomes a member of the NPT.
- India wants to be part of the NSG without signing the NPT.
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83. Which among the following countries is not a member of the Nuclear Suppliers Group –
(a) China
(b) New Zealand
(c) Ireland
(d) Iran
[M.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2008]
Ans. (d) Iran
- At the present time, the Nuclear Suppliers Group consists of 48 countries. Iran is not one of them.
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84. Which country was the first, after the ban on India was lifted by the Nuclear Suppliers Group, to sign an agreement that would allow the supply of civil nuclear technology to India –
(a) USA
(b) Italy
(c) Russia
(d) France
[M.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2008]
Ans. (d) France
- Once the ban on India was overturned by the Nuclear Suppliers Group, France was the first country to officially agree to supply India with nuclear technology for civilian use.
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85. In the Indian context, what is the implication of ratifying the ‘Additional Protocol’ with the ‘International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)’?
(a) The civilian nuclear reactors come under IAEA safeguards
(b) The military nuclear installations come under the inspection of the IAEA
(c) The country will have the privilege to buy uranium from the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
(d) The country automatically becomes a member of the NSG
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2018]
Ans. (a) The civilian nuclear reactors come under IAEA safeguards
- The extra protocol isn’t a separate deal, but instead an addition to the safeguards agreement that gives more methods for checking.
- Particularly, it significantly expands the IAEA’s capacity to confirm the serene utilization of atomic material in nations with complete safeguards agreements.
- In its safeguard agreement, India consented to permit the IAEA access to certain civilian nuclear sites where imported nuclear fuel was being utilized.
- The extra protocol to safeguards agreement between the Government of India and IAEA for the application of Safeguards to Civilian Nuclear Facilities became effective on 25 July, 2014.
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86. In India, why are some nuclear reactors kept under ‘IAEA Safeguards’ while others are not?
(a) Some use uranium and others use thorium
(b) Some use imported uranium and others use domestic supplies
(c) Some are operated by foreign enterprises and others are operated by domestic enterprises
(d) Some are State-owned and others are privately owned
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2020]
Ans. (b) Some use imported uranium and others use domestic supplies
- In India, there are 22 nuclear reactors in use, 14 of which are controlled by the IAEA (International Atomic Energy) as they use imported uranium.
- To prove that India’s nuclear energy program is to be used for peaceful purposes, the country allowed the IAEA to have access to these reactors in 2014.
- This was also a requirement in the India-US Civilian Nuclear Deal of 2005, which states that reactors using imported fuel must be placed under IAEA safeguards.
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87. Recently, India signed a deal known as ‘Action Plan for Prioritization and Implementation of Cooperation Areas in the Nuclear Field’ with which of the following countries?
(a) Japan
(b) Russia
(c) The United Kingdom
(d) The United States of America
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2019]
Ans. (b) Russia
- India and Russia signed an agreement on October 5th, 2018, that planned to expand their civil nuclear partnership.
- It was called the ‘Action Plan for Prioritization and Implementation of Cooperation Areas in the Nuclear Field’.
- The plan included building six nuclear power units of Russian design in a new location in India, as well as working together on nuclear technologies in other countries.
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