1. With reference to the period of colonial rule in India ‘Home Charges’ formed an important part of the drain of wealth from India. Which of the following funds constituted ‘Home Charges’?
1. Funds used to support the Indian office in London.
2. Funds used to pay salaries and pensions of British personnel engaged in India.
3. Funds used for waging wars outside India by the British.
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1, 2 and 3
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2011]
Ans. (b) 1 and 2
- The Secretary of State spent money in England on behalf of the Indian Government.
- This spending was called Home Charges and included things like buying military supplies, paying for the India Office staff, interest on loans, investment in railways, and pensions or bonuses for retired company civil servants.
- Money spent on wars outside of India was not included.
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2. The staple commodities of export by the English East India Company from Bengal in the middle of the 18th
century was
(a) Raw cotton, oil seeds, and opium
(b) Sugar, salt, zinc, and lead
(c) Copper, silver, gold, spices, and tea
(d) Cotton, silk, salt petre and opium
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2018]
Ans. (d) Cotton, silk, salt petre and opium
- In the late 1600s and early 1700s, Bengal became important to the East India Company because they could buy things from there to sell in Europe.
- These items included cotton, cloth, opium, saltpeter, sugar, and silk.
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3. The term “imperial preference” was applied to the:
(a) Special privileges on British imports in India
(b) Racial discrimination by the Britishers
(c) Subordination of Indian interest to that of the British
(d) Preference was given to British political agents over Indian Princes
[I.A.S. (Pre) 1999]
Ans. (a) Special privileges on British imports in India
- The phrase “imperial preference” means special advantages given to British goods that were imported into India.
- This meant that not much tax was paid on British goods coming into India, but Indian exports going to Britain had to pay a lot of tax.
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4. There was no independent development of industries in India during British rule because of the:
(a) Absence of heavy industries
(b) Scarcity of foreign capital
(c) Scarcity of natural resources
(d) Preference of the rich to invest in land
[I.A.S. (Pre) 1999]
Ans. (d) Preference of the rich to invest in land
- When Britain was in charge, the rich people tended to put their money into land instead of businesses, which stopped any progress in industrialization.
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5. Economically, one of the results of British rule in India in the 19th century was the
(a) increase in the export of Indian handicrafts
(b) growth in the number of Indian-owned factories
(c) commercialization of Indian agriculture
(d) the rapid increase in the urban population
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2018]
Ans. (c) commercialization of Indian agriculture
- In the 19th century, British rule in India led to the commercialization of agriculture.
- Farmers were required to grow crops that could be exported to Great Britain as materials for their factories.
- This period saw a decrease in the urban population and the destruction of domestic factories.
- Indian farmers began to grow crops on a larger scale for commercial use, along with the use of modern agricultural tools.
- Indigo and other cash crops were grown to supply raw materials to British businesses, which caused a decrease in the urban population and hindered domestic industries.
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6. Which of the following statements correctly explains the impact of the Industrial Revolution on India during the first half of the nineteenth century?
(a) Indian handicrafts were ruined.
(b) Machines were introduced in the Indian textile industry in large numbers.
(c) Railway lines were laid in many parts of the country.
(d) Heavy duties were imposed on the imports of British manufacturers.
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2020]
Ans (a) Indian handicrafts were ruined.
- In the early 1800s, Britain made rules that caused India to export raw materials and buy finished products.
- The Industrial Revolution also caused the invention of new machines that made better and cheaper goods, making Indian handicrafts less desirable.
- Britain also had high taxes on Indian goods, which hurt the Indian handicraft industry even more and caused it to fail.
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7. Who introduced the Ist-e-Marari settlement?
(a) Wellesley
(b) Warren Hastings
(c) Lord Cornwallis
(d) Lord Dufferin
[U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 1991]
Ans. (c) Lord Cornwallis
- Lord Cornwallis created the Permanent Settlement in 1793, also known as the Permanent Settlement of Bengal.
- This was an agreement between the East India Company and Bengali landlords where a fixed amount of revenue was agreed to be paid from the land.
- The landlords were recognized as the owners of the land and had the right to transfer or sell it.
- The agreement was that the landlords had to pay a fixed amount of revenue to the government on a certain date, and if they failed to do so, their rights to the land would be lost.
- The tax rate was also fixed and could not be increased in the future.
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8. Given below are two statements, one is labeled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R) :
Assertion (A): The British Government introduced Different land revenue systems in different parts of India.
Reason (R): It led to the creation of different classes in the Indian peasantry.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below.
Codes :
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2020]
Ans (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
- The British government used different land laws in different places in India.
- These laws were called Permanent Settlement, Ryotwari, and Mahalwari.
- Permanent Settlement was used in the areas of Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, and Uttar Pradesh.
- About 19% of British India was included in this system.
- Ryotwari was used in Madras, some parts of Mumbai, Eastern Bengal, Assam, and Kurg, and covered about 51% of British India.
- Mahalwari was used in Uttar Pradesh, the Central Province, and Punjab, and covered 30% of British India.
- This created different classes of peasants in India.
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9. The Permanent Settlement was introduced by
(a) Lord Hastings
(b) Lord Cornwallis
(c) Lord Curzon
(d) Loa William Bentinck
[U.P. P.S.C. (GIC) 2010, U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2007, U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2005, Uttarakhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2002]
Ans. (b) Lord Cornwallis
- The British government had different methods of collecting land taxes across India.
- These methods were called Permanent Settlement, Ryotwari, and Mahal-wari.
- Permanent Settlement was used in Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, and Varanasi in the U.P.
- This covered 19% of British India.
- Ryotwari (51% of the area) was in Madras, some parts of Mumbai, Eastern Bengal, Assam, and Kurg.
- Mahalwari (30% of the area) was used in U.P, Central Province, and Punjab.
- This created different classes of peasants in India.
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10. A permanent Settlement was made with
(a) Landlords
(b) Peasants
(c) Workers
(d) Traders
[M.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1990]
Ans. (a) Landlords
- The British government used different ways to collect taxes from different parts of India.
- These included the Permanent settlement, Ryotwari, and Mahalwari systems.
- Permanent settlement was used in Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, and Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh which covered 19% of British India.
- The Ryotwari system was used in Madras, some parts of Mumbai, Eastern Bengal, Assam, and Kurg, and covered about 51% of the area.
- The Mahalwari system was used in Uttar Pradesh, Central Province, and Punjab and accounted for 30% of the area.
- This created different classes in the Indian peasantry.
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11. The ‘Permanent Settlement’ was made with –
(a) Zamindars
(b) Village communities
(c) Muqaddamas
(d) Peasants
[53rd to 55th B.P.S.C. (Pre) 2011]
Ans. (a) Zamindars
- The British government had different systems for collecting taxes from the land in different parts of India.
- These systems were Permanent settlement, Ryotwari, and Mahalwari.
- Permanent settlement was used in Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, and Varanasi of Uttar Pradesh which covered 19% of all of British India.
- Ryotwari (approximately 51% of the area) was used in Madras, some parts of Mumbai, Eastern Bengal, Assam, and Kurg.
- The Mahalwari system (30% of the area) was used in Uttar Pradesh, Central Province and Punjab.
- This caused different types of peasants to be created in India.
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12. Which Governor-General introduced the permanent land revenue system in India?
(a) Lord John Shore
(b) Lord Clive
(c) Lord Cornwallis
(d) Lord Warren Hastings
[M.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2014]
Ans. (c) Lord Cornwallis
- The British government had different ways of collecting taxes from land in different areas of India.
- These were the Permanent settlement, Ryotwari and Mahalwari systems.
- The Permanent settlement was used in Bengal, Bihar, Odisha and Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh.
- It covered 19% of British India.
- The Ryotwari system was used in Madras, some parts of Mumbai, Eastern Bengal, Assam and Kurg and it covered 51% of the land.
- The Mahalwari system was used in Uttar Pradesh, Central Province and Punjab and it covered 30% of British India.
- This led to different classes of peasants in India.
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13. The Permanent Settlement of Lord Cornwallis was introduced in the year.
(a) 1787 A.D.
(b) 1789 A.D.
(c) 1790 A.D.
(d) 1793 A.D.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010]
Ans. (d) 1793 A.D.
- The British government had different ways of collecting taxes from land in different parts of India.
- This included Permanent settlement, Ryotwari and Mahalwari.
- Permanent settlement was used in Bengal, Bihar, Odisha and Varanasi of U.P.
- Ryotwari was used in Madras, some parts of Mumbai, Eastern Bengal, Assam, and Kurg and Mahalwari was used in U.P, Central Province and Punjab.
- This caused different classes to form among the Indian peasants.
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14. The tendency for increased litigation was visible after the introduction of the land settlement system by Lord Cornwallis in 1793. The reason for this is normally traced to which of the following provisions?
(a) Making Zamindar’s position stronger vis-a-vis the ryot
(b) Making East IndiaCompany an overlord of Zamindars
(c) Making the judicial system more efficient
(d) None of the above statements (a), (b), and (c) is correct.
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2011]
Ans. (d) None of the above statements (a), (b), and (c) is correct.
- The British government used different land revenue systems in various parts of India, such as the Permanent settlement, Ryotwari and Mahalwari.
- Permanent settlement was applied in Bengal, Bihar, Odisha and Varanasi of Uttar Pradesh, which made up 19% of the whole British India.
- Around 51% of the area was under the Ryotwari system, which was used in Madras, some parts of Mumbai, Eastern Bengal, Assam and Kurg.
- The Mahalwari system was used in Uttar Pradesh, Central Province and Punjab, covering around 30% of the total area.
- This led to the creation of different classes among the Indian peasantry.
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15. Under the Permanent Settlement, of 1793, the Zamindars were required to issue pattas to the farmer which were not issued by many of the Zamindars. The reason was:
(a) the Zamindars were trusted by the farmers
(b) there were no officials checking upon the Zamindars
(c) it was the responsibility of the British government
(d) the farmers were not interested in getting pattas
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2001]
Ans. (b) there were no officials checking upon the Zamindars
- Many Zamindars did not give out pattas because there were no officials to monitor them in the permanent settlement of 1793.
- All they had to do was give 89% of the collected revenue to the officials.
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16. Which one of the following is correct about the permanent settlement introduced in Bihar?
(a) The Zamindars were deprived of the ownership of the land.
(b) The right of ownership of land was made hereditary and transferable for the Zamindars.
(c) Land revenue was constitutionalized
(d) Abolition of Zamindari
[48th to 52nd B.P.S.C. (Pre) 2008]
Ans. (c) Land revenue was constitutionalized
- In Bihar, a system was put in place that guaranteed a certain amount of money for the company to receive each time.
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17. Permanent Settlement and Ryotwari System of land revenue introduced respectively in :
(a) Bengal and Madras
(b) Madras and Punjab
(c) Madras and Bengal
(d) Punjab and Bengal
[Jharkhand P.C.S. (Pre.) 2021]
Ans (a) Bengal and Madras
- People in Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, and Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh were allowed to stay in one place permanently, while the Ryotwari system was used in Madras, some areas of Mumbai, Eastern Bengal, Assam, and Kurg.
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18. Fill in the blank:
In ……… the rights of the tenants on land in Bengal and Bihar were given by the Bengal Tenancy Act.
(a) 1885
(b) 1886
(c) 1889
(d) 1900
[56th to 59th B.P.S.C. (Pre) 2015]
Ans. (a) 1885
- In 1793, Lord Cornwallis brought in a new system that gave landlords lots of rights.
- By the 1800s, lots of people wanted land and the landlords charged more rent, which made peasants really angry.
- The government of Bengal then introduced a law (Bengal and Bihar Tenancy Act of 1885) that said what rights landlords and tenants had.
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19. Sir Thomas Munro is associated with the land revenue settlement:
(a) Permanent Settlement
(b) Mahalwari Settlement
(c) Ryotwari Settlement
(d) None of the above
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2000]
Ans. (c) Ryotwari Settlement
- The Ryotwari System was the second way the British government collected land revenue after the Permanent Settlement.
- Thomas Munro and Captain Reed first introduced it in the Baramahal district of Tamilnadu, and then in Madras, Eastern Bengal, Assam, Coorgh, and some areas of Bombay.
- Through this system, ownership rights were given to the peasants, and the British government collected taxes directly from them.
- About 51% of India was under this system.
- The high taxes and strict collection rules caused a lot of problems between the moneylenders and peasants.
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20. Who was associated with the Ryotwari Settlement of Madras?
(a) Malcolm
(b) Metcalfe
(c) Munro
(d) Elphinstone
[U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Pre) 2008]
Ans. (c) Munro
- The Ryotwari System was created as the second system to collect land taxes after the Permanent Settlement.
- Thomas Munro and Captain Reed first used it in the Baramahal district of Tamilnadu.
- Later, it was introduced in Madras, Eastern Bengal, Assam, Coorgh, and some parts of Bombay.
- Through this system, ownership rights were given to the peasants and the British government collected taxes directly from them.
- 51% of the British-occupied area in India was part of this system and the high taxes and strict collection methods caused a lot of tension between the moneylenders and peasants.
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21. Who started the Ryotwari system?
(a) Thomas Munro
(b) Martin Burda
(c) Cornwallis
(d) Lord Dalhousie
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1992]
Ans. (a) Thomas Munro
- The Ryotwari System was the second way the British government collected land taxes, after the Permanent Settlement.
- Thomas Munro and Captain Reed developed this system in the Baramahal district of Tamilnadu, then it was extended to Madras, Eastern Bengal, Assam, Coorgh, and some parts of Bombay.
- This system gave the peasants ownership rights, and the British government collected taxes directly from them.
- This system was applied to 51% of India that the British occupied.
- High taxes and strict taxation caused a lot of conflict between the moneylenders and the peasants.
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22. The Ryotwari settlement was introduced by the British in the
(a) Bengal Presidency
(b) Madras Presidency
(c) Bombay Presidency
(d) Madras & Bombay Presidency
[Jharkhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2011, U.P.U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2001, I.A.S. (Pre) 1993]
Ans. (d) Madras & Bombay Presidency
- The Ryotwari System was created after the Permanent Settlement as a way of collecting land revenue.
- Thomas Munro and Captain Reed first used it in the Baramahal district of Tamilnadu.
- Then it was spread to Madras, Eastern Bengal, Assam, Coorg and some parts of Bombay.
- This system gave the peasants the right to own the land and the British government collected taxes directly from them.
- 51% of the British-occupied Indian area was included in this system.
- The high taxes and its strict collection methods caused problems between the peasants and moneylenders.
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23. The English introduced the Ryotwari System for the first time in
(a) Bengal Presidency
(b) Agra
(c) Bombay Presidency
(d) Madras Presidency
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2016]
Ans. (d) Madras Presidency
- Ryotwari System was a way of collecting taxes in British India.
- It was mainly used in Southern India in the Madras Presidency.
- Alexander Read and Thomas Munro created the system, and Thomas Munro (1820-1827) put it into effect while he was the Governor of Madras.
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24. In the British System Ryotwari land revenue collection was prevalent in
(a) North India
(b) East India
(c) West India
(d) South India
[U.P.P.S.C. (R.I.) 2014]
Ans. (c) West India & (d) South India
- The Ryotwari System was a way of collecting taxes in British India.
- It was mainly used in the south, specifically in the Madras Presidency.
- Alexander Read and Thomas Munro created this system, and it was put into action when Thomas Munro was the Governor of Madras (1820-1827).
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25. With reference to Ryotwari Settlement, consider the following statements
1. The rent was paid directly by the peasants to the Government.
2. The Government gave Pattas to the Ryots.
3. The lands were surveyed and assessed before being taxed.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?
(a) Only 1
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 1, 2, and 3
(d) None of these
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2012]
Ans. (c) 1, 2, and 3
- In 1820, Thomas Munro created the Ryotwari System in Madras, Bombay, and some parts of Assam.
- This system gave peasants the right to ownership, and the British authorities collected taxes directly from them.
- Taxes were 50% in dry areas and 60% in irrigated areas.
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26. With reference to the history of India, consider the following pairs:
1. Aurang – In charge of the treasury of the State
2. Banian – Indian agent of the East India Company
3. Mirasidar – Designated revenue payer to the State
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2020]
Ans (b) 2 and 3 only
- Aurang is a word from Persian which means a storehouse – a spot where items are stored prior to being sold.
- Banian was a representative from India who worked for the East India Company and did business activities.
- Mirasidars were influential people in the south part of India and were usually from high social classes.
- They claimed control over all the land in the village and the farmers were responsible to them.
- In the Ryotwari system, they were responsible for paying taxes to the government.
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27. When was the first tea company in Assam established?
(a) 1835
(b) 1837
(c) 1839
(d) 1841
[U.P. R.O./ A.R.O. (Pre) 2016]
Ans. (c) 1839
- The Assam Company was started in England in 1839 with five hundred thousand rupees.
- It is based in Nazira in Assam and is the oldest tea company in Assam that is still operating.
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28. Which one of the following statements correctly defines the term ‘Drain Theory’ as propounded by Dadabhai Naoroji?
(a) That the resources of the country were being utilized in the interest of Britain.
(b) That a part of Indian national wealth or total annual product was being exported to Britain for which India got no material returns.
(c) That the British industrialists were being given an opportunity to invest in India under the protection of the imperial power.
(d) That British goods were being imported to the country making it miserable day by day.
[I.A.S. (Pre) 1993]
Ans. (b) That a part of Indian national wealth or total annual product was being exported to Britain for which India got no material returns.
- Dadabhai Naoroji, known as the Grand Old Man of India, pointed to the problem of India’s wealth being drained to England because of colonial rule.
- He studied the net profit of India and identified a few causes for this drain of wealth.
- These were the cost of external rule and administration, the money sent to Britain for which India got no return, and the expenses of building territory in India and abroad.
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29. Who is the exponent of the Theory of the “Economic Drain” of India during British Rule?
(a) M.N. Roy
(b) Jai Prakash Narayan
(c) Rammanohar Lohiya
(d) Dadabhai Naoroji
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2004, U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1995]
Ans. (d) Dadabhai Naoroji
- Dadabhai Naoroji, often referred to as the Grand Old Man of India, studied the economic effects of British colonial rule on India.
- He coined the term ‘Drain Theory’ and calculated the net profit of India.
- Naoroji argued that India’s wealth was drained due to British external rule and administration, military expenses, and investments made for territory building both within and outside India.
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30. With reference to ‘deindustrialization’ which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. This process started in 1813.
2. Abolition of monopoly trade rights of East India The company aggravated the process.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2017]
Ans. (c) Both 1 and 2
- In India, deindustrialization began in 1813.
- The company’s commercial control was no longer in effect, except for the tea and opium trade and trading with China.
- The Saint Helena Act of 1833, also known as the Government of India Act, made deindustrialization worse since it stopped the British East India Company from being a trading business and made it just an administrative body.
- As a result, the Company lost its power to be the only one to trade with China and other places in the Far East.
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31. Which of the following propounded the ‘Drain Theory’?
(a) Dadabhai Naoroji
(b) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
(c) Lokmanya Tilak
(d) Madan Mohan Malviya
[Uttrakhand U.D.A./LDA (Mains) 2007]
Ans. (a) Dadabhai Naoroji
- In India, deindustrialization began in 1813.
- The company’s trading power was ended, except for tea and opium selling and trading with China.
- The Saint Helena Act of 1833 (also known as the Government of India Act) made deindustrialization worse as it stopped the British East India Company from trading and made it an administrative body only.
- The Company was no longer able to have a monopoly on trading with China and other areas of the Far East.
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32. Which of the following were economic critics/critics of colonialism in India?
1. Dadabhai Naoroji
2. G. Subramania Iyer
3. R. C. Dutt
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2015]
Ans. (d) 1, 2 and 3
- Between 1870 and 1905, several Indian scholars studied the effects of British rule on the Indian economy, such as Dadabhai Naoroji, Govind Ranadey, and Ramesh Chandra Datta.
- They wrote about the economic history of India.
- Other intellectuals such as G.V. Joshi, G. Subramania Iyer, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and Prithvi Chandra Rai also looked into the Indian economy.
- In the end, they all agreed that colonialism was the biggest obstacle to the economic growth of India.
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33. Who among the following leaders did not believe in the drain theory of Dadabhai Naoroji?
(a) B.G. Tilak
(b) R.C. Dutt
(c) M.G. Ranade
(d) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
[I.A.S. (Pre) 1996]
Ans. (d) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
- Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was devoted to the British and thought that Muslims could only progress while under British control.
- Therefore, he disagreed with Dada Bhai Naoroji’s idea of the “drain theory.”
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34. Who authored the book “Poverty and the Unbritish Rule in India”?
(a) Amartya Kumar Sen
(b) Ramesh Chandra Dutt
(c) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
(d) Dadabhai Naoroji
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2004]
Ans. (d) Dadabhai Naoroji
- In 1865, Dadabhai Naoroji and W.C. Bannerji set up the “London India Society” to tell people about the difficult situation in India.
- Dadabhai Naoroji became the first Indian to be elected to the British House of Commons as a Liberal Party member.
- He wrote a book called “Poverty and Un-British Rule in India” in which he discussed the economic problems in India and introduced the “Drain of Wealth Theory”.
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35. Who wrote a book describing the theory of the economic drain of India during British rule?
(a) Lala Lajpat Rai
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru
(d) Dadabhai Naoroji
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2007]
Ans. (d) Dadabhai Naoroji
- In 1865, Dadabhai Naoroji and W.C. Bannerji created the ‘London India Society’ to bring attention to Indian suffering.
- Naoroji was the first Indian to be elected to the British House of Commons as a member of the Liberal Party.
- He wrote a book, “Poverty and un-British Rule in India”, which outlined India’s economic struggles and introduced the “Drain of Wealth Theory”.
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36. Consider the following statements:
The most effective contribution made by Dadabhai Naoroji to the cause of the Indian National Movement was that he
1. exposed the economic exploitation of India by the British.
2. interpreted the ancient Indian texts and restored the self-confidence of Indians.
3. stressed the need for eradication of all the social evils before anything else.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?
(a) Only 1
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 1, 2, and 3
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2012]
Ans. (a) Only 1
- Dadabhai Naoroji was the first Indian nationalist to show, after extensive research and examination, that Britain was taking advantage of India financially and money was being sent to England annually.
- He presented his ‘Drain Theory’ based on this study.
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37. Consider the following statements and select the correct answer from the code given below the statements:
Assertion (A): Generally, India had a favorable balance of trade during British rule.
Reason (R): The drain of wealth took the form of unrequired exports.
Code :
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2017]
Ans. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
- Leaders and economists have labeled the flow of wealth from India to England, for which India did not receive an equal economic, commercial, or material return, as a “drain” of wealth.
- This was caused by the East India Company’s profits from their oppressive land revenue policies, their monopolistic control over Indian markets, and their officials’ exactions.
- India did not get anything back for the goods they exported in return for what the Company invested.
- This ended in 1813 with “unrequited” exports, where India did not receive anything in return.
- Dadabhai Naroji said this drain of wealth was the “evil of all evils” and the main reason for Indian poverty.
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38. Who considered that ‘’British Economic Policy is disgusting in India”?
(a) B.G. Tilak
(b) Dadabhai Naoroji
(c) Karl Marx
(d) Adam Smith
[Uttarakhand U.D.A./LDA (Mains) 2007]
Ans. (c) Karl Marx
- Karl Marx said that the British economic strategies in India were terrible.
- They put the spinner of Lancashire and the weaver of Bengal in the same place and destroyed them.
- This created a huge upheaval in Asia as it destroyed the small, semi-civilized, and semi-barbarian communities by taking away their way of making money.
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39. What is the total percentage of Central revenue spent on Military force in British India?
(a) 40%
(b) 45%
(c) 50%
(d) 55%
[U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Pre.) 2021]
Ans (a) 40%
- Forty percent of the money the British government in India received was spent on the military.
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