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Early Political Associations in India (Pre-Congress Era)
Chronological Development of Early Organizations
1830s – 1840s: The First Organizations
- Bangabhasha Prakasika Sabha
- Founded: 1836
- Location: Calcutta
- Founder: Associates of Raja Ram Mohan Roy
- Zamindari Association (Landholders’ Society)
- Founded: 1838
- Location: Calcutta
- Founders: Dwarkanath Tagore and other landlords.
- Significance: First political organization in India.
- Objective: To safeguard the interests of landlords.
- Bengal British India Society
- Founded: 1843
- Location: Calcutta
1850s – 1860s: Associations in India and London
- British India Society
- Founded: 1839
- Location: London
- Founder: William Adam
- British Indian Association (Calcutta)
- Founded: 1851
- Founders: Radha Kant Deb, Rajendra Mitra, Devendranath Tagore, among others.
- East India Association
- Founded: 1866
- Location: London
- Founder: Dadabhai Naoroji
- Objective: To influence British public opinion on Indian questions.
1870s: Rise of Nationalist Associations
- Poona Sarvajanik Sabha
- Founded: 1870
- Founders: M.G. Ranade and G.V. Joshi.
- Notable Action: In 1875, petitioned the House of Commons for India’s direct representation in the British Parliament.
- Indian League
- Founded: 1875
- Founder: Sishir Kumar Ghosh
- Indian Association
- Founded: July 26, 1876
- Location: Calcutta
- Founders: Surendranath Banerjee and Anand Mohan Bose.
- Focus: The middle class rather than landlords.
- Significance: Its Indian National Conference merged with the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1886.
1880s: Presidency-Based Associations
- Madras Mahajan Sabha
- Founded: 1884
- Key Founders: G. Subramania Iyer, P. Anand Charlu, and M. Veeraraghavachariar.
- Bombay Presidency Association
- Founded: 1885
- Key Founders: Pherozeshah Mehta, K.T. Telang, and Badruddin Tyabji.
Key Figures in Early Nationalism
- Surendranath Banerjee
- Dismissed from the Indian Civil Service in 1874.
- Key founder of the Indian Association (1876).
- Also associated with the Indian National Liberal Federation.
- Raja Ram Mohan Roy
- Considered by many (e.g., Bipin Chandra Pal) as the first Indian to resist political reforms and advocate for human rights and democracy.
- Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
- Co-founder of the United Indian Patriotic Association (1888) along with Raja Shivaprasad of Benaras.
Founders of Other Societies and Associations
Scholarly & Cultural Societies
- Asiatic Society of Bengal
- Founder: Sir William Jones
- Year Founded: January 15, 1784
- Purpose: To promote the study of Eastern culture.
- Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain
- Founded: 1823 (not 1813).
Community-Based & Nationalist Organizations
- Central Mohammadan National Association
- Founder: Sayyid Amir Ali
Societies for Public Service
- Servants of India Society
- Founder: Gopal Krishna Gokhale
- Social Reform Association
- Founder: Keshav Chandra Sen (not Shri Ram Bajpai).
Miscellaneous International Associations
- National India Association
- Founded: 1870-71
- Location: London
- Founders: Mary Carpenter and Menning.
Objectives and Chronology
Objectives of the Early Indian National Congress (1885)
As stated by W.C. Bonnerjee, objectives included:
-
- Promoting contact among workers for the national interest.
- Developing and consolidating a feeling of nationalism.
- Eradicating casteism, communalism, and regional biases.
- Discussing and deciding on the direction of future work for public interest.
Correct Chronological Order of Early Organizations
-
- Bangabhasha Prakasika Sabha (1836)
- Zamindari Association (1838)
- Bengal British India Society (1843)
- Indian League (1875)
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