1. Consider the following statements and select the correct answer from the code given below :
Assertion (A): All rivers originating from the Himalayas are perennial.
Reason (R): Himalayas receive much of their precipitation from the South-Western monsoon.
Code :
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2011]
Ans. (b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
- The rivers that start in the Himalayas are always flowing because their source is the glaciers in the Himalayas.
- The Himalayas get much of their rain from the south-western monsoon.
- Both the statement and the explanation are true, but the explanation doesn’t explain the statement correctly.
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2. Consider the following statements and select the correct answer from the code given below :
Assertion (A): All rivers originating from the Himalayas are perennial.
Reason (R): The source of the Himalayan rivers is located in glaciers.
Code :
(a) (A) is false, but (R) is true
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(c) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(d) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
[R.A.S./R.T.S. (Pre) (Re. Exam) (2013)]
Ans. (b) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
- Rivers from the Himalayas are always flowing because they come from the glaciers there.
- The Himalayas get a lot of rain from the south-western monsoon. Both the statement and the explanation are true, but the explanation doesn’t really explain the statement.
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3. The Himalayas are formed of parallel fold ranges, of which the oldest range is –
(a) The Shiwalik Range
(b) The Lesser Himalayas
(c) The Great Himalayan Range
(d) The Dhauladhar Range
[I.A.S. (Pre) 1994]
Ans. (c) The Great Himalayan Range
- On the basis of folds and age of formation, the Himalayas is divided into four parallel structural areas –
1. Trans Himalaya
2. Great Himalaya
3. the Middle Himalayas
4. Shiwalik
- According to the above options Great Himalaya is the oldest range of the Himalayas (Oligocene period-25-40 million years ago).
- After this, the Middle Himalayas (mid-Miocene- 14 million years ago) and Shiwalik (Pliocene era- 5-1.7 million years ago) the newest range among them were formed.
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4. Which one of the following is the youngest mountain range in India?
(a) Himadri Range
(b) Aravalli Range
(c) Western Ghat
(d) Vindhya Range
[U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2020]
Ans. (a) Himadri Range
- The Himadri Range is the newest mountain range in India and is a type of New Fold mountain.
- The Aravalli Range is the oldest mountain range in India.
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5. In which part of the Himalayas is the ‘Karewa’ landform found?
(a) North-East Himalaya
(b) Eastern Himalaya
(c) Himachal-Uttarakhand Himalaya
(d) Kashmir Himalaya
[M.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2019]
Ans. (d) Kashmir Himalaya
- Kashmir Himalayas has a landform known as ‘Karewa’.
- This consists of a series of plateaus that are above the Jhelum river and its branches. People who live there call it ‘Karewas’ or ‘Vuhr’.
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6. With reference to the Himalayan range, which of the statements is/are correct?
1. The sedimentary rocks of the greater Himalayas were fossil less.
2. Marine livings fossils are found in the sedimentary rocks of lesser Himalayas.
3. Remains of human civilization are found in outer or Shivalik Himalayas.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 are correct
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2019]
Ans. (b) 2 and 3 only
- Fossils from living marine creatures are found in the sedimentary rocks of the lesser Himalayas, which is true.
- Evidence of human civilization can be found in the outer or Shivalik Himalayas, also correct.
- The sedimentary rocks of the greater Himalayas do have fossils, so the statement that they don’t is false. So, the right answer to this is choice (b).
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7. The flat plains along the sub-Himalayan region in North India, is called –
(a) Tarai
(b) Doon
(c) Khadar
(d) Bhabar
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2007]
Ans. (d) Bhabar
- Bhabar is a narrow strip of flat land running next to the Himalayas in northern India.
- It is only 8-16 km wide and is covered with stones.
- The many streams that flow down from the hills have created beds with very high levels of porosity, so that all the streams disappear into the Bhabar.
- South of the Bhabar is the Tarai belt, which is 15-30 km wide and covered with marshy and swampy areas.
- This zone has lots of vegetation and is home to a variety of wildlife.
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8. The foothills region of the Himalayas is –
(a) Trans-Himalayas
(b) Shiwalik
(c) Great Himalayas
(d) Aravali
[43rd B.P.S.C. (Pre) 1999]
Ans. (b) Shiwalik
- The Shiwalik region is part of the Himalayas and is the outermost range.
- It is between 10 and 50 kilometers wide and has an altitude of 900 to 1100 meters.
- These ranges are made up of dirt and sand that has been carried down by rivers from the Himalayas further north.
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9. Shiwalik Hills are part of which of the following?
(a) Aravali
(b) Western Ghats
(c) Himalaya
(d) Satpura
[M.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2013]
Ans. (c) Himalaya
- The Shiwalik range is the outermost region of the Himalayas. It stretches wide, between 10-50 kilometers, and has an altitude of 900-1100 meters.
- The land in this area is made up of sediment carried down by rivers from the main Himalayan ranges further north.
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10. Shiwalik series was formed in –
(a) Eozoic
(b) Paleozoic
(c) Mesozoic
(d) Cenozoic
[42nd B.P.S.C. (Pre) 1997]
Ans. (d) Cenozoic
- The Shiwalik or outer Himalaya was created around 5-1.
- 7 million years ago during the Pliocene Era, which is part of the Cenozoic period
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11. The altitude of Shiwalik peaks falls in between –
(a) 850 – 1200 Mts
(b) 750 – 1100 Mts
(c) 750 –1500 Mts
(d) 750 – 1300 Mts
[Uttarakhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2010]
Ans. (*)
- The Shiwalik range is part of the Himalaya mountains and stretches for about 2500 km.
- It is typically around 900-1100 meters tall, though there can be variations depending on the region.
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12. The Kumaon Himalaya is situated between which of the rivers?
(a) Indus and Satluj
(b) Kali and Tista
(c) Satluj and Kali
(d) Tista and Brahmputra
[U.P. R.O./A.R.O. (Pre) (Re-Exam) 2016]
Ans. (c) Satluj and Kali
- The Kumaon Himalaya is located between the Satluj and Kali rivers.
- The area of the Himalayas between the Indus and Satluj rivers is called the ‘Punjab Himalayas’, the area between the Kali and Teesta rivers is known as the ‘Nepal Himalaya’, and the area between the Teesta and Dihang rivers is referred to as the ‘Assam Himalayas’.
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13. The south of the ‘Shiwalik’ rock series, the Bhabar region is an example of?
(a) Midland Situation.
(b) Intermountain situation.
(c) Piedmont situation.
(d) Littoral Region.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1994]
Ans. (c) Piedmont situation
- A narrow strip of land called the Bhabar region stretches between 8 and 16 kilometers next to the Shiwalik mountain range.
- Due to the slope, water along with a lot of rocks and boulders is left behind.
- South of the Bhabar region is a Tarai belt that stretches around 15-30 kilometers.
- This is an example of the Piedmont situation in the Southern part of Shiwalik.
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14. The Himalayan Mountain Ranges are not a part of which of the following states?
(a) Uttarakhand
(b) Uttar Pradesh
(c) Sikkim
(d) Himachal Pradesh
[M.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2012]
Ans. (b) Uttar Pradesh
- The Indian Himalayan Region covers nine states, two union territories, and the hilly parts of two other states.
- The Himalayan Mountain Ranges are not a part of Uttar Pradesh, which only has plain regions.
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15. When you travel in the Himalayas, you will see the following
1. Deep gorges
2. U-turn river courses
3. Parallel Mountain ranges
4. Steep gradients causing land sliding
Which of the above can be said to be the pieces of evidence for the Himalayas being young fold mountains?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 1, 2 and 4
(c) 3 and 4
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2012]
Ans. (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
- The signs of the Himalayas being a young folded mountain include things like deep valleys, rivers that make U-turns, parallel mountain ranges, and very steep slopes that cause landslides.
- These are common sights in the Himalayas.
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16. The Lesser Himalaya is located between
(a) Trans Himalaya and Great Himalaya
(b) Shiwalik and Great Himalaya
(c) Trans Himalaya and Shiwalik
(d) Shiwaliks and Outer Himalaya
[Uttarakhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2006]
Ans. (b) Shiwalik and Great Himalaya
- The Himalayan Range is made up of several mountains that sit next to each other.
- The Great Himalayas are at the north and the Shiwalik are in the south.
- The Middle Himalayas, sometimes referred to as the Lesser Himalayas, are in between and stretch about 50 km across.
- The peaks in this area are usually between 3,700 and 4,500 meters above sea level, although some are over 5,050 meters and snow-covered all year round.
- Some notable ranges in the Middle Himalayas include Pir Panjal, Dhauladhar, Mussoorie, Nag Tibba, and Mahabharat Lekh.
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17. Which of the following is the correct order of the Himalayan Ranges from south to north in the western section?
(a) Great Himalaya-Lesser Himalaya-Shiwalik
(b) Shiwalik-Lesser Himalaya Great Himalaya
(c) Lesser Himalaya-Great Himalaya-Shiwalik
(d) Shiwalik-Great Himalaya- Lesser Himalaya
(e) None of these
[Chhattisgarh P.C.S. (Pre) 2015]
Ans. (b) Shiwalik-Lesser Himalaya Great Himalaya
- The Himalayan Ranges in the west go from south to north in this order: Shiwalik, Lesser Himalayas, and Great Himalayas.
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18. Which one of the following is the youngest mountain chain?
(a) Vindhyas
(b) Aravalli
(c) Shiwaliks
(d) Annamalai
[U.P. U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2010]
Ans. (c) Shiwaliks
- The Shiwalik Himalaya mountains are the youngest of the Himalayas and are also known as the outer Himalayas. Characteristics of this range include flat scraps, anticlinal crests and synclinal valleys.
- The Shiwaliks are made up of thick layers of rock and sediment brought by rivers from the higher Himalayas and have been changed by the movement of the earth.
- In different areas, they are called different names, such as Jammu Hills in Jammu, Dafla, Miri, Abor and Mishmi Hills in Arunachal Pradesh.
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19. Which of the following rock systems in India is the latest one?
(a) Vindhyan
(b) Cuddapah
(c) Dharwar
(d) Gondwana
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2016]
Ans. (d) Gondwana
- The Gondwana Rock System is the most recent type of rock in India.
- It is from the Carboniferous period up until the present day.
- It holds almost all of India’s coal supply.
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20. Consider the following relief features –
1. Zaskar Range
2. Dhauladhar Range
3. Ladakh Range
4. Karakoram Range
The correct south-to-northward sequence of the above relief features is-
(a) 2, 1, 3, 4
(b) 2, 3, 4, 1
(c) 4, 3, 2, 1
(d) 4, 2, 1, 3
[Jharkhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2013]
Ans. (a) 2, 1, 3, 4
- The sequence of ranges from south to north is Dhauladhar, Zanskar, Ladakh and Karakoram.
- The Karakoram, Ladakh and Zanskar Ranges are located in the Trans-Himalayan region while the Dhauladhar Range is in the Lesser or Middle Himalaya
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21. Which one of the following is the correct northward sequence of the relief features?
(a) Zaskar Range, Pirpanjal Range, Ladakh Range, Karakoram Range
(b) Pirpanjal Range, Zaskar Range, Ladakh Range, Karakoram Range
(c) Karakoram Range, Ladakh Range, Zaskar Range, Pirpanjal Range
(d) Pirpanjal Range, Ladakh Range, Zaskar Range, Karakoram Range
[R.A.S./R.T.S. (Pre) 2013]
Ans. (b) Pirpanjal Range, Zaskar Range, Ladakh Range, Karakoram Range
- The right order from north to south of the geographical features is Pirpanjal Range, Zaskar Range, Ladakh Range and Karakoram Range.
- Pirpanjal Range is in the Middle Himalayas and the rest are in the Trans Himalayas, so option (b) is correct
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22. Which one of the following groups is the correct sequence of mountain peaks from east to west?
(a) Everest, Kanchenjunga, Annapurna, Dhaulagiri
(b) Kanchenjunga, Everest, Annapurna, Dhaulagiri
(c) Kanchenjunga, Dhaulagiri, Annapurna, Everest
(d) Everest, Kanchenjunga, Dhaulagiri, Annapurna
[Uttarakhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2012]
Ans. (b) Kanchenjunga, Everest, Annapurna, Dhaulagiri
- Going from east to west, the mountains in order are Kanchenjunga, Everest, Annapurna, and Dhaulagiri.
- Kanchenjunga is the third tallest mountain in the world and three of its five peaks are located at the border of North Sikkim district in India and the Taplejung District in Nepal.
- Everest is the highest mountain in the world and is located on the border of Nepal and China.
- The Annapurna region is in central Nepal and is a popular trekking area, while Dhaulagiri is located west of Annapurna peak in central Nepal.
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23. In comparison to the eastern Himalayas the value of the height of the tree-line in the western area is:-
(a) More
(b) Less
(c) Same
(d) Unrelated variable
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2005]
Ans. (b) Less
- The treeline is the area where trees can grow. In the Eastern Himalaya and Middle Himalaya, the height of the treeline is between 3600 to 3800 metres, while in the western and north western regions it is lower, around 3300 to 3600 metres.
- This means that the treeline is lower in the western regions compared to the Eastern Himalaya.
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24. In the Himalayan Ranges the types of vegetation change with altitude due to the following reasons –
1. Decrease in temperature
2. Changes in rainfall
3. Unfertile soil
4. Strong winds
Select the correct answer –
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1, 3 and 4
(d) 1, 2 and 4
(e) None of these
[Chhattisgarh P.C.S (Pre) 2013]
Ans. (a) 1, 2 and 3
- In the Himalayas, the kinds of plants change according to the height because of the colder temperatures, different amounts of rain, bad soil, low air pressure, and not enough air. Therefore, options 1, 2, and 3 are all correct and (a) is the right answer.
- Note: The question was deleted in the revised answer key sheet by Chhattisgarh P.C.S.
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25. Which mountain range amongst the following is latest in origin:
(a) Ajanta range
(b) Palkonda range
(c) Kaimur Hills
(d) Patkai range
[R.A.S./R.T.S. (Pre) 1996]
Ans. (d) Patkai range
- The Patkai Range is located in the lower Himalayan mountains and formed during the Tertiary era.
- There are other hills and ranges in the southern and central parts of India, but the Patkai Range is the newest.
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26. Which one of the following states does not lie along Patkai hills?
(a) Nagaland
(b) Tripura
(c) Manipur
(d) Mizoram
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015]
Ans. (b) Tripura
- The Patkai hills can be found near India’s border with Myanmar.
- The Indian states that run along the Patkai hills are Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland.
- Tripura does not border the Patkai hills, but it does have the Mizoram and Tripura.
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27. Identify the correct west-to-east sequence of the following Hilly Castes.
(a) Khasi-Garo-Naga-Jaintia
(b) Naga-Jaintia-Khasi-Garo
(c) Garo-Khasi-Jaintia-Naga
(d) Jaintia-Naga-Garo-Khasi
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2017]
Ans. (c) Garo-Khasi-Jaintia-Naga
- The Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia tribes are located in Meghalaya, while the Naga tribes are also found in some districts of Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh in addition to Nagaland.
- The Garo people are found in the western part of Meghalaya, Khasi in the central region, and Jaintia in the east. The sequence of the hill tribes from west to east is- Garo-Khasi-Jaintia-Naga.
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28. Cherrapunji is situated :
(a) Naga Hills
(b) Garo Hills
(c) Khasi Hills
(d) Mikir Hills
[Chhattisgarh P.C.S. (Pre) 2019]
Ans. (c) Khasi Hills
- Cherrapunji is a town in the East Khasi Hills area of Meghalaya.
- It was the traditional home of the Khasi people.
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29. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists :
| List-I (Hills) |
List-II (States) |
| A. Garo |
1. Meghalaya |
| B. Miri |
2. Tamil Nadu |
| C. Kollai Mallai |
3. Arunachal Pradesh |
| D. Dalma |
4. Jharkhand |
Code :
A B C D
(a) 1 3 2 4
(b) 1 2 3 4
(c) 1 3 4 2
(d) 2 1 3 4
[U.P. R.O./A.R.O. (Pre) 2017]
Ans. (a) 1 3 2 4
| List-I |
List-II |
| (Hills) |
(States) |
| Garo |
Meghalaya |
| Miri |
Arunachal Pradesh |
| Kollai Mallai |
Tamil Nadu |
| Dalma |
Jharkhand |
30. Pir Panjal Range is located/found in-
(a) Arunachal Pradesh
(b) Jammu and Kashmir
(c) Punjab
(d) Uttarakhand
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2007]
Ans. (b) Jammu and Kashmir
- The Pir Panjal Range is situated in the middle of the Himalayan mountains.
- It extends across Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir, from the southeast to the northwest.
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31. Between which two mountain ranges is the Valley of Kashmir situated?
(a) Ladakh and Zanskar
(b) Great Himalayas and Pir Panjal
(c) Great Himalayas and Zanskar
(d) Karakoram and Ladakh
[M.P.P.C.S (Pre) 2016]
Ans. (b) Great Himalayas and Pir Panjal
- The Kashmir Valley is surrounded on the southwest side by the Pir Panjal Range and on the northeast side by the Great Himalayan Range.
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32. The Valley of Kashmir is situated between:
(a) Kangara and Dhauladhar ranges
(b) Pir-Panjal and Himadri ranges
(c) Mahabharat and Dhauladhar ranges
(d) Pir-Panjal and Mahabharat ranges
[U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2020]
Ans. (b) Pir-Panjal and Himadri ranges
- The Kashmir Valley is surrounded by the Pir Panjal Range on one side and the Great Himalayan Range on the other.
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33. Which of the following is a part of Aksai Chin region:
(a) Karakoram Range
(b) Shiwalik Range
(c) Kashmir Valley
(d) Ladakh Plateau
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1995]
Ans. (d) Ladakh Plateau
- Aksai Chin covers an area of approximately 3800 square kilometers in Ladakh.
- It is an Indian region that is currently controlled by China.
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34. Main resources of the Western Himalayan resource region, are:
(a) Forests
(b) Metallic minerals
(c) Carbonic minerals
(d) Atomic minerals
[R.A.S./R.T.S.(Pre) 2010]
Ans. (a) Forests
- The Western Himalayas have a lot of forests, which make up around 65% of the area.
- These forests are a big part of the natural resources of the region.
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35. What is the height of the Great Himalayas?
(a) 8850 M. Above sea level
(b) 8815 M. Above sea level
(c) 8890 M. Above sea level
(d) 8860 M. Above sea level
[Jharkhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2011]
Ans. (a) 8850 M. Above sea level
- The Great Himalayas are usually around 6000m tall, and the highest mountain, Mount Everest, is around 8850m high.
- Note: Nepal and China Jointly announced the new height of Mount Everest as 8848.86 meters.
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36. Himachal stands for
(a) The Great Himalaya
(b) The Middle Himalaya
(c) Shiwalik
(d) Trans-Himalaya
[U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Mains) 2008]
Ans. (b) The Middle Himalaya
- The Middle Himalayas is an incredibly complex and steep mountain range, usually about 50 km wide and reaching up to 3700-4500m in height.
- It’s also known as Himachal. Many popular hill stations such as Shimla, Nainital, and Mussoorie are located in this range.
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37. Consider the following statements regarding ‘Atal Tunnel’ Which of them is / are correct?
1. It was built by Border Roads Organisation.
2. It connects Manali and Lahaul Spiti Valley
3. It is located across Pir-Panjal Range of Himalayas
4. It is strategically important for India
Choose the correct answer from the code given below.
Code :
(a) Only 1 and 2
(b) Only 2 and 3
(c) Only 1, 2 and 4
(d) All 1, 2, 3 and 4
[U.P. R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2016]
Ans. (d) All 1, 2, 3 and 4
- The Atal Tunnel goes through the Eastern Pir Panjal range and connects Manali to the Lahaul-Spiti Valley.
- It is 9.02 km long and was constructed by the Border Roads Organisation.
- The tunnel cuts the travel distance between Manali and Leh by 46 km and reduces travel time by 4-5 hours.
- It also gives the armed forces better access to Ladakh.
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38. Atal Tunnel is across which one of the following Himalayan ranges?
(a) Zanskar
(b) Western Pir Panjal
(c) Ladakh
(d) Eastern Pir Panjal
(e) None of the above/More than one of the above
[66th B.P.S.C. (Pre) 2020]
Ans. (d) Eastern Pir Panjal
- The tunnel is located in the Eastern Pir Panjal range and it connects Manali to the Lahaul-Spiti Valley.
- It is 9.02 km long and was built by the Border Roads Organisation. This tunnel decreases the distance between Manali and Leh by 46 km and the travel time by around 4-5 hours.
- From a strategic point of view, it helps the armed forces to reach Ladakh more easily.
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39. Consider the following statements:
1. In India, the Himalayas are spread over five States only.
2. Western Ghats are spread over five States only.
3. Pulicat Lake is spread over two states only.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1 and 3 only
[I.A.S. (Pre) 2017]
Ans. (b) 3 only
- The Himalayan mountain range covers most of the northern and north-eastern states and territories, including Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura, as well as parts of Assam and West Bengal.
- Therefore, the Himalayas span more than five states.
- The Western Ghats are located in the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
- The Pulicat Lake is the second largest lagoon in India, located between Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Therefore, statements 1 and 2 are incorrect and statement 3
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40. Mount Kailash is situated in which of the following areas?
(a) Sikkim
(b) Tibet
(c) Nepal
(d) Uttarakhand
[Jharkhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2021]
Ans. (b) Tibet
- Mount Kailash is located in Tibet, China, and is known as a sacred place of worship in Hinduism.
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